Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ

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Exercise 3. Title each passage of the text making a plan of it.

Exercise 4. Find English equivalents of the Latin words, give Ukrainian translation.

atomus, i, f compositus, a, um

structura, ae, f mixtura, ae, f

celula, ae, f oxygenium, ae, f

solutio, onis, f hydrogenium, i, n

sulfur, uris, n phosphorus, і, m

simplex, icis saccharum, i, n

Exercise 5. Look at Figure 2-1 and describe the atom of oxygen.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. 
   Протони - це позитивно заряджені частки.
   
2. 
   Нейтрони - це нейтральні частки ядра.
   
3. 
   Електрони - це негативно заряджені частки на енергетичних рівнях навколо ядра
   
4. 
   Сполуки - це поєднання різних атомів.
   
5. 
   Мікстура - це суміш кількох речовин.
   

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   What science is chemistry?
   
2. 
   What are atoms and what is known of their structure?
   
3. 
   What chemical elements do you know?
   
4. 
   Why is water so important to life?
   
5. 
   What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
   
6. 
   You dissolve a teaspoon of sugar in a cup of tea. Which is a solute? A solvent?
   
7. 
   What are organic compounds and what elements are found in all of them?
   
8. 
   What type of organic compounds are enzymes?
   
9. 
   What are proteins? Fats? Carbohydrates?
   

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences.

Atoms

Molecules

Elements

Compounds

Mixtures

Acid

Base

Salt

Enzyme

blends of 2 or more substances, combinations of different atoms, basic units of matter, combinations of 2 or more atoms, substances that cannot be changed into something else.

a chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion (FT).

a chemical substance resulting from a

reaction between an acid and a base.

a chemical substance containing a hydroxide

ion (OH).

an organic catalyst.

II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Name the form of the verb in passive voice. Translate the sentences.

1. 
   The patient was treated by a well-known doctor.
   
2. 
   The temperature is taken regularly.
   
3. 
   Both children were cured of a dangerous disease.
   
4. 
   The skin is washed by a surgeon with a soap and running water.
   
5. 
   An enema will be given in the morning.
   
6. 
   Operations are being performed by this surgeon.
   

1. 
   A deep cut was made by the operator.
   
2. 
   The drug was being taken by the patient when he came in.
   

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in the correct form. Translate the sentences.

1. 
   The skeleton and teeth of the human body (містити) ions which (утворювати) from organic acids and bases and compounds of fluorine.
   
2. 
   About one tenth of phosphorus (сполучати) with organic compounds.
   
3. 
   Climate, temperature and intake of drags (впливати) the amount of water in the body.
   

4. Chronic poisoning (відбуватись) when the dose is sufficient to cause moderate
symptoms.

5. Methyl alcohol (змішувати) in all proportions with water.

6. 
   Iron, cobalt and nickel which (входити до складу) Group VIII of the Periodic Classification (знаходити) wide use in medicine.
   
7. 
   When different atoms (сполучати), the formulas (показувати) what atoms and how many of them are present.
   

8. 
   Melting and boiling (розглядати) as physical changes.
   
9. 
   More than 20 amino acids (виділяти) from protein mass during our last experiment.
   

10. All the vessels (промити) carefully and (сушити).

11 .The change in density (спостерігати) at the end of the test.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, explain the use of the word it.

1. Sodium, a silver-colored metal, is very soft. It is also known to be a very reactive
substance.

2. The river or lake water is a mixture of substances, some dissolved in it, others suspended

in it.

3. It is generally recognized that the primeval life forms developed in the waters of the
Earth.

4. 
   It is necessary to store the buffer solution in a dark place.
   
5. 
   It was commonly believed that milk contained an acid.
   

6. To demonstrate coagulation he diluted milk with water, brought it to the boiling point,
:o portions of the solution he added various mineral acids.

7. It is recommended to close glass bottles with glass caps.

Exercise 4. Replace all the nouns with personal pronouns.

1. 
   The patient will be looked after by the ward nurse.
   
2. 
   The wounded was operated upon by the surgeon.
   
3. 
   The work of a nurse was much spoken about by the students.
   
4. 
   The younger children are being taken care of by the elder sister.
   
5. 
   The articles were read by many students.
   

Exercise 5. Make up sentences using the following word expressions.

as a result of у результаті

as a rule як правило

after all а втім; зрештою; кінець кінцем

because of дякуючи; у результаті

except for за винятком

in other cases в іншому випадку
Exercise 6. Answer the questions using the expression it takes...

1. 
   How long does it take you to go to your medical college?
   
2. 
   How long does it take to translate a text?
   
3. 
   How long does it take to perform appendectomy?
   
4. 
   How long did it take to cure the child from measles?
   
5. 
   How long does it take to make a blood analysis?
   

UNIT THREE

1 1	Speaking	Cells and Their Functions
II	Grammar	Revision

I. Speaking: Cells and Their Functions

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

describe the function of the cytoplasm and its composition;

• 
  name the main organelles in the cell;
  
• 
  give location and function qf'DNA in the cell;
  
• 
  give location and function of RNA in the cell;
  
• 
  explain how the cell makes proteins;
  
• 
  describe the steps in cell division;
  
• 
  define cancer;
  
• 
  list several risk factors in cancer.
  

Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations: active transport - активне переміщення cancer ['kasnss] рак cell membrane - клітинна оболонка centriole ['sentri.sol] ценгріоля chromosome ['krsoms.ssum] хромосома cytoplasm ['saitsplaezm] цитоплазма diffusion [di'fju^n] дифузія

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid [dii.Dksiraibanjo'kleiik'eisid]) - ДНК (дезоксирибонуклеїнова

кислота) isotonic [aiss'ronik] ізотонічний micrometer [mai'kromita] мікрометр mitochondrion [.maitao'kDndrisn] мітохондрія mitosis [mai'tsusis] мітоз

mutation [mju:'teijn] мутація nucleus ['nju:klias] ядро organelle [,D:gs'nel] органела osmosis [m'msusis] осмоз phagocytosis [,faeg9sai'tausis] фагоцитоз ribosome ['raibssDum] рибосома

RNA (ribonucleic acid [raibsnju'kleiik'eisid]) - PHK (рибонуклеїнова кислота)

lysosome ['lais3,ssom] лізосома

Golgi ['gDldji] apparatus - апарат Гольджі
Exercise 2. Look at Fig. 3-1.

The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the simplest structure that shows all the charade of life: growth, metabolism, reproduction, responsiveness and homeostasis. The c invisible to the naked eye. The scientific study of cells began with the invention b\ Ante Leeuwenhock of microscope some 350 years ago. Today this single-lens microscope ha replaced by the modern electronic microscope.

Exercise 3. Read the text and translate it.
Cells and Their Functions
Look at the cell (Fig. 3-2). The outer covering of the cell is the cell membrane. It is very important in regulating what can enter and leave the cell. The main substance that fills the cell and holds the cell contents is the cytoplasm. This is a colloidal suspension of water, food, minerals, enzymes and other specialized materials.

The cell contents include organelles. All the organelles and their functions in the cell are demonstrated in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1. Cell Structure

Name	Description	Function
Cell membrane	Outer layer of the cell; composed mainly of lipids and proteins	Limits the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm	Colloidal suspension that fills the cell	Holds cell contents
Nucleus	Large, dark-staining body near the center of the cell; composed of DNA and proteins	Contains the chromosomes with the genes (the hereditary material that directs all cell activities)
Nucleolus	Small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA, and proteins	Needed for protein manufacture
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	Network of membranes in the cytoplasm	Used for storage and transport; holds ribosomes
Ribosomes	Small bodies in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; composed of RNA and protein	Manufacture proteins
Mitochondria	Large organelles with folded membranes inside	Convert energy from nutrients into ATP
Golgi apparatus	Layers of membranes	Put together special substances such as mucus
Lysosomes	Small sacs of digestive enzymes	Digest substances within the cell
Centrioles	Rod-shaped bodies (usually 2) near the nucleus	Help separate the chromosomes in cell division
Cilia	Short, hairlike projections from the cell	Create movement around the cell
Flageilum	Long, whiplike extension from the cell	Moves the cell

Protein plays a very important part in the organism and its production takes place in the cell. There are two nucleic acids in the cytoplasm and nucleus, which are important in protein production:

- deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is mostly found in the nucleus and makes up chromosomes. DNA is double stranded;

- ribonucleic acid or RNA is single stranded, it is located in the cytoplasm.

Cell reproduction occurs by the dividing process called mitosis. In this process each original parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.

Various physical processes take place in the cell:

1. 
   diffusion - molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration;
   
2. 
   osmosis - diffusion of water through the semipermeable membrane;
   
3. 
   nitration - movement of materials through the cell membrane under mechanical force;
   
4. 
   active transport - movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration;
   
5. 
   phagocytosis - engulfing of large particules by the cell membrane;
   

6) pinocytosis - intake of droplets of fluid; the word pinocytosis means "cell drinking".
Each of these processes is necessary for the functioning of the cells.

Cells develop different forms, these forms of the same kind congregate to form one of the basic tissues. These tissues, in turn, become specialized organs. So, every cell and formation of cells has its purpose.

But sometimes in the DNA or genetic material a mutation or change occurs. If such a cell doesn't die naturally or get destroyed by the immune system, it may begin to multiply out of control and spread to other tissues, producing cancer. Cancer cells form tumors, which interfere with normal functions, crowding out normal cells and robbing them of nutrients.

Because cancer may take a long period to develop, it is often difficult to identify its causes. Certain factors increase the changes of developing the disease and are considered risk factors.

Risk factors include heredity, carcinogens or chemicals (in food, environment, drags), ionising radiation (X-rays, ultraviolet rays), physical irritation (intake of hot food), diet (high in fats), viruses.

Exercise 4. Look at Table 3-1, name the components of the cell, describe all of them. Exercise 5. Translate the functions of each organelle of the cell (from Table 3-1). Exercise 6.Tell about cell division. Use Figure 3-3. Exercise 7. Find English equivalents in the text.

Основна одиниця життя, обмін речовин, невидимий для неозброєного ока, однолінзовий мікроскоп, ДНК, РНК, підтримує елементи клітини в цитоплазмі, мінерали і ферменти, утворення білка, процес поділу клітин - мітоз, фізичні процеси, рух матеріалів через клітинну мембрану, поглинання великих часток, клітина п'є, клітина розвиває різні форми, має свої цілі, руйнується імунною системою, переходить на інші органи, утворює пухлини, тривалий період розвитку, фактори ризику.

Exercise 8. Give definitions of the words.

Mutation, cell, cytoplasm, organelles, DNA, RNA, diffusion, osmosis, filtration, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, risk factors.

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   Why is the study of cells so important in the study of the body?
   
2. 
   Can you list organelles found in the cell? What are their functions?
   
3. 
   What is the difference between DNA and RNA with respect to location in the cell?
   

1. 
   How does the process of cell division take place? What is its name?
   
2. 
   What is mutation?
   
3. 
   What are six risk factors associated with cancer?
   
4. 
   What do we call the science that studies all about cells?
   

II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Put in articles where necessary.

1. ... practical studies in ... physiology included ... experiments on ... animals. 2. ... patient Smirnov had to follow ... light diet to avoid ... blood pressure changes. 3. This patient complained of ... sore throat when ... Doctor Sedov was examining him in ... Consulting Room 11.4. Last night I was excited and couldn't sleep because I suffered from ... bad pain in ... back. 5. ... antiseptic mouth wash, which he had prescribed me, relieved ... pain. 6. In ... some medical journals I could find ... interesting articles dealing with ... new ways of ... treatment of pneumonia. 7. On ... physical exertion ... patient, ill with ... angina pectoris, complained of... sharp pain in ... substernal area. 8. When I got... medical certificate, it stated that I had ... good eyesight. 9. My younger sister had ... sore throat, and she couldn't even swallow ... tablets prescribed by ... our district doctor. 10. You must gargle ... throat five times a day to relieve... pain.

Exercise 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. In his childhood he often had a bad earache. 2. My fellow student had a sore throat two days ago. 3. My friend had a good time yesterday. 4. My mother often has a headache. 5. My friends and I usually have dinner at our Institute canteen. 6.1 have a cold rubdown in the evening. 7. My sister had a bad headache the other day.