Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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Exercise 3. Finish the following sentences according to the model. Model: If I stick a label, then the label is stuck by me. If a nurse sponges a patient's skin, then the patient's skin ...; if a poisonous remedy causes death, then death if this healing ointment relieves skin irritation, then skin irritation if a child takes cod liver oil, then cod liver oil if a surgeon rinses his hands, then the hands if a doctor administers a healing ointment, then the healing ointment if a patient takes sedatives, then the sedatives if a doctor prescribes sleeping draughts, then the sleeping draughts ...; if he rubbed in a healing ointment to relieve pain, then the healing ointment ...; if that drug caused a skin irritation, then the skin irritation if I bought a medicine dropper at the chemist's department, then the medicine dropper if he handed in a prescription for the cough mixture, then the prescription for the cough mixture... . Exercise 4. Give full negative answers to the following questions. 1. Has the standard of population nutrition in the developing countries increased considerably and stopped to be a problem? 2. Have the efforts of chemists been especially large in the protein field? 3. Has the addition of perfumes masked the natural odor of the plant constituents? 4. Had the mixture preserved its properties by the end of the experiment? 5, Had you made the experiment before the professor came? 6. Will they have produced a new carbon compound by next year? 7. Have you detected any changes in the chemical structure of the drug? Exercise 5. Translate the sentences, pay attention to the pronoun one. 1. One never knows what to do in such cases. 2. One can see various apparatuses in the laboratory. 3. One should be careful when working with reagents. 4. One is always glad to see you. 5. If one wants a thing done, one had best do it oneself. 6. One can say that the temperature has also a positive effect on solubility. Exercise 6. Act as an interpreter: Surgeon: What's wrong with your arm, Mr. Brown? Браун: Спускаючись східцями, я послизнувся і впав на праву руку. Піднімаючись, я відчув біль у руці. Боюся, що я її зламав. Surgeon: You should've been careful. Now, let me examine your hand. Does it hurt here? Браун: Так, дуже. Surgeon: I think we'd better have it X-rayed. Miss Miles will take you to the X-ray room. Some minutes later Miss Miles: Here are the pictures, Doctor. Surgeon: (to Mr. Brown) Be seated, please. (After examining the pictures) Unfortunately, it is a fracture. You will have to stay in the hospital for a couple of days. Браун: Дуже шкода. Це означає, що я не зможу продовжити поїздку країною зі своєю туристичною групою. Surgeon: I'm afraid so. UNIT FOUR
I. Speaking: Tissues, Glands and Membranes After careful study of this unit you should be able to: -name four main groups of tissues and give the location and general characteristics of each;
Exercise 1. Learn the following words: adipose ['aedipaos] жировий areolar [з'гізіз] ареолярний benign [bi'nain] доброякісний cartilage ['kaitilidj] хрящ collagen ['knbcrjen] колаген cardiac ['kcr.diask] серцевий endocrine ['end3,krain] ендокринний epithelium [,ері'0і:1ізт] епітелій exocrine ['eksso.krain] екзокринний fascia ['faefia] фасція fiber f'faiba] волокно histology [his'tDbcfy] гістологія involuntary [in'vDbntari] мимовільний joint [anoint] суглоб malignant [mae'lignsnt] злоякісний membrane ['membrein] мембрана; оболонка metastasis [me'tcestssis] метастаз mucosa [mjui'ksuss] слизова оболонка myelin ['maiilin] міслін neoplasm ['пізи.ріазгзт] неоплазма; новоутворення; пухлина neurilemma [^njosri'lems] невролема neuroglia [nju'roglb] нейроглія neuron ['щ'изгоп] нейрон osseus ['osiss] кістковий serosa [si'reuss] серозна оболонка sweat [swet] піт voluntary ['vubntsri] довільний visceral ['visarsl] що стосується нутрощів Exercise 2. Read the text and translate it. Tissues, Glands and Membranes Tissues are groups of cells similar in structure, specialized for the performance of specific tasks. The science that studies all about tissues is called histology. In the human body there are four groups of tissues: epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle. Epithelium forms a protective covering of the body and all the organs, it lines the cavities. The epithelial tissue is classified according to the shape of cells. The cells may be:
They may be arranged in a single layer (simple) and in many layers (stratified). The cells of some kinds of epithelium produce mucus - a clear, sticky fluid, digestive juices, sweat, etc. The epithelial tissue also forms glands. A gland is a group of cells specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of our body. There are two categories of glands: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes to carry the secretion from the gland to another organ, to a body cavity, or to the outside. Endocrine glands depend on the bloodstream. Their secretion, called hormones, is carried through the lymph or blood to other organs and they have specific effects on other tissues. Connective tissue supports, binds and forms the framework of the body. Connective tissue may be classified simply according to its degree of hardness:
The adipose tissue stores up fat for the body as reserve food, serves as heat regulator. The fibrous tissue consists of collagen and elastic fibers between cells. It may be areolar or dense (fascia, ligament, tendors, capsules). Cartilages are found at the ends of bones, nose, outer ear, trachea, etc. Bones contain calcium salts. The tissue from which bones are made is called the osseus tissue. The nerve tissue is the building material for the central nervous system: our brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. The simplest unit of the nerve cell is neuron (Fig. 4-3). The muscle tissue is designed to produce movement with the help of contractions. Muscle tissue cells are called muscle fibers. Usually they are classified as follows (Fig. 4^1):
Membranes are thin sheets of tissue. There are four types of membranes: - mucous membranes line rubes and spaces that open to the outside (respiratory, digestive, -eproductive tracts); - serous membranes line body cavities (parietal layer) and cover internal organs (visceral •yer);
You already know that normal tissue growth may be broken by an upstart formation of cells. This is a tumor, or neoplasm. If a tumor is confined to a local area and doesn't spread, it is called a benign tumor. If the tumor spreads to the neighboring tissues or distant parts of the body, it is called a malignant tumor, or cancer. The process of tumor spread is called metastasis. Here is a list of some benign and malignant tumors (the root ота means tumor): papilloma, adenoma, lipoma, osteoma, myoma, angioma, chondroma, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, glioma. Exercise 3. Find Latin and Greek equivalents of the English words.
Exercise 4. Give definitions of the following words. Tissue, connective tissue, epithelium, membrane, tumor, benign tumor, malignant tumor, gland. Exercise 5, Explain the meaning of the following words (in Ukrainian). Myoma, lipoma, osteoma, chondroma, adenoma, fibroma. Exercise 6. Name four main groups of tissues, give examples of their location. (Use Fig. 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4). Exercise 7. Describe the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands. Give some examples of each. Exercise 8. Make up a plan of the text. Exercise 9. Are the sentences true or false? 1. Tissues are groups of cells specialized for certain task. 2. There are ten groups of tissues. 3. Exocrine glands produce hormones. 4. The connective tissue can be hard, soft and liquid. 5. Neuron is a blood cell. 6. Membranes are thin sheet of cells. 7. Tumor growth can be controlled. 8. Benign tumors are localized. Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.
II. independent Work: Diseases Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it. Study of Diseases Disease is an abnormal state in which part or all the body doesn't function as usual. There are marked variations in the extent of disease and in its effect on the person. Disease can have a number of direct causes, such as disease-producing organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasitic worms, or helminthes); malnutrition (lack of vitamins, minerals, proteins); physical and chemical agents (heat or cold, injuries, fractures; poisonous substances, certain detergents); birth defects, degenerations and tumors. There are also indirect, or predisposing causes. The examples of them are age, sex, heredity, living conditions and habits, occupation, physical exposure, preexisting illness, psychogenic influences. The modern approach to the study of disease emphasizes the close relationship of the pathologic and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body disorder. This is the medical science called pathophysiology. The study of the cause of any disease or the theory of its origin, is called etiology. Disease can be acute, chronic or subacute. Acute is severe but doesn't last long. Chronic lasts for a long time. Subacute is between them, it's neither severe but lasts for a long period. A communicable disease is one that can pass from one person to another. Epidemic is a disease of many people in a given region at the same time. Endemic is a disease of fewer people but it is characteristic of a particular region. Pandemic is a disease of a country, continent or the whole world. In order to treat the patient every doctor must make a diagnosis. So he must know symptoms and signs of the disease. Although nurses do not diagnose, they play a very important role in observing closely for signs, encouraging patients to talk about themselves and their symptoms, and then reporting the doctor this information. If the doctor knows about the disease, he prescribes the treatment. In recent years, physicians, nurses, and other health care workers have taken on increasing responsibilities for prevention of diseases. Exercise 2. Make up a plan of the text. Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
UNIT FIVE
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