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PARTTHREE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS (in Anatomy, Pathology and Pharmacology)
I. Speaking: Human Body After careful study of this unit, you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations. anabolism [з'пгеЬзДігзт] анаболізм anatomy [s'najtami] анатомія ATP [eiti:pi:] (adenosine triphosphate 0e'den3,si:n,trai'fbsfeit]) АТФ (аденозин-трифосфорна кислота) catabolism [кзЧжЬз.Іігзт] катаболізм cell [sel] клітина homeostasis [,h3umi3o'st3isis] гомеостаз metabolism [ms'tajbsjizsm] метаболізм organ ['oigan] орган pathology [ps'Bstacbji] патологія physiology [,fizi'оізсізі] фізіологія tissue ['tisju:] тканина muscular ['nviskjuls] м'язовий systems ['sistemz] системи (органів): circulatory [,s3:kju:'l3it3ri] кровообігу digestive [di'dsestiv] травна respiratory ['resp3r3,to:ri] дихальна integumentary [in,t3gju:'ment3ri] покривна urinaryf'jusrinsri], excretory [eks'krr.tori] сечовидільна nervous ['nsivss] нервова endocrine ['endsukrain] ендокринна glands [glasndz] залози hormones ['Ьз:тзипг] гормони reproductive [.rhprs'dAktiv] відтворювальна, статева Exercise 2. Read the text. Everyone is interested in the body and how it works. Anatomy studies the body structure. Physiology is the term for the study of how the body functions. These two sciences are closely related. They form the basis for all medical practice. Any changes in the structure of the body or its functions are considered a disease and are studied as a science of pathology. All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels. Living matter begins with simple chemicals. These chemicals are formed into complex substances :hat make living cells - the basic units of all life. Specialized groups of cells form tissues, and tissues may function together as organs. Organs make up systems of organs, which maintain the body. There are following systems of organs in the body:
- circulatory system with lymphatic system transport nutrients, oxygen and other substances :: the body cells and carry away waste materials; - digestive system (it takes food in and converts it into substances that the body cells can -se):
- ands; - urinary or excretory system (it eliminates waste products and water); - nervous system (it receives stimuli and controls responses; memory and reasoning also ..■ jng to the nervous system occurring in the brain); - endocrine system (it produces hormones for regulation of growth, metabolism, mrroduction); -reproductive system is concerned with the production of offsprings. All the chemical reactions needed to sustain life we call metabolism. Metabolism can be : ied into two types of activities: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones. Anabolism is the " - : ng of body materials. The energy obtained from the breakdown of nutrients is used to form a compound of th. ceil we call ATP (adenosine triphosphate). There are many kinds of fluids in the organism. Extracellular fluids carry nutrient substance -to and from the cell, bathe the cell, transport substances in and out of the cell. Intracellular nut-is in the cell. Homeostasis is the steady state of the organism that maintains a state of balance within the body: body temperature, composition of body fluids, heart rate, respiration rate, blocv pressure. Homeostasis is maintained by feedback. Any changes in the body balance lead t>: norm violation, this mechanism is described as negative feedback. Exercise 3. Text exercises.
3) A.sk your fellow student about each system of the body and its functions in the organism. Exercise 4. Find Latin or Greek equivalents of the English words:
Exercise 5. Are the sentences true or false?
Exercise 6, Answer the following questions:
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Write affirmative or negative sentences. Use am/am not; is/isn't; are/
Exercise 2. Open the brackets and put the personal pronouns in the appropriate form. 1. This medicine will give (they) an instant relief. 2. The doctor prescribed (he) a proper treatment. 3. Do you know (we) district doctor? - Yes, I know (she). We got acquainted with (she) when I was on duty at the in-patient department. 4. This medical examination will take (I) some hours. The doctors will have to examine (I) thoroughly. 5. A young doctor asked (he) to strip to the waist and listened to (he) heart and lungs. 6. You must be out in the open air as much as possible: fresh air is useful for (you). Exercise 3. Add sentences using the appropriate modal verbs or their equivalents (see the Model). Model: It was late, we (to go) home. - As it was late, we had to go home. 1. As my friend is ill, I (to go and see) her. 2. We didn't add nitric acid as the reagent no affect) the results. 3. My friend works at a research institute and soon (to conduct) his investigations in biological chemistry. 4. It is cold today, you (to put on) your winter clothes. 5. Last summer when we had practice at the botanical station we (to collect) different parts of medicinal plants. 6. You (to describe) chemical properties of these compounds. Exercise 4. Give antonyms of these words and word combinations. To graduate from college, to come into the room, ill, to fall ill with, easy, to be in a good -rendition, his hands and face were dry, his pulse was slow, to continue the process, slight pain, !ight food, to excite, to feel rotten, to be indoors all day long, an out-patient department, slow „'lief, it makes the pain stronger, to put on a gown. Exercise 5. Change the following sentences from the active voice into the passive \ oice. 1. She is rubbing in a healing ointment to relieve pain and skin irritation. 2. The nurse was r.ving a patient an injection of camphor at 8 p.m. yesterday. 3. The students are taking notes of the lecture now. 4. The chemist was marking bottles of poisonous drugs. 5. The doctor is taking the patient's blood pressure now. 6. The therapeutists were questioning their patients thoroughly. 7. The doctors are treating me at our out-patient department. 8. My mother was having a scalding foot bath at 10 p.m. 9. Doctor X. is seeing patients in Room 17. 10. Our district doctor was making calls when I came to the polyclinic. 11. We are ordering drugs for intravenous injections at this chemist's. 12. Those patients were following a strict diet. 13. She is making the daily round of the district now. 14. The chemist is giving me a bottle of mixture. 15. The overdosage of this drug was causing an untoward reaction. 16. The doctor is checking the patient's eyesight. Exercise 6. Make up dialogs on the following topics using the given words and word combinations. 1) A doctor is questioning a patient about his health: trouble, to complain of, to suffer from, occupation, address, age, to feel pain in. 2)A nurse is carrying out doctor's prescriptions: to give an injection of to take smb's temperature, to apply a mustard plaster to, to cup, to put a hot water bottle on smb s feet. 3) A doctor is examining a patient at home: to put on a gown, to wash hands, to strip to the waist, to apply a stethoscope to, to listen to the heart, to palpate the abdomen, to feel smb s pulse. UNIT TWO
I. Speaking: Chemistry, Matter and Life After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations, acid ['aesictj кислота atom ['setam] атом base [beis] основа, луг carbohydrate [,ka:bau'haidreit] вуглевод compound ['kampaund] складний; суміш; сполучення, сполука electron [i'lektran] електрон element ['elimsnt] елемент enzyme ['enzaim] фермент ion [аізп] іон lipid [lipid] ліпід mixture ['mikstfa] суміш; мікстура molecule ['niDlikju:l] молекула neutron ['njir.tron] нейтрон organic [3:'gasnik] органічний pH ['pi: eitT] водневий показник protein ['preutkn] білок proton ['prsotDn] протон solute [sD'lju:t] розчин; розчинена речовина solution [s3'lu:J(a)n] розчин solvent ['solvent] розчинник suspension [sas'penjn] суспензія matter ['maets] речовина; матерія absorption [£eb'so:pJ(3)n] абсорбція, всмоктування, вбирання excretion [iks'kri:J(3)n] виділення Exercise 2. Read the text. Chemistry, Matter, and Life Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition of matter. Knowledge of chemistry and chemical changes helps us to understand the normal and abnormal functioning of the body and its parts. The main processes are based on chemical principles. Chemistry is important in microbiology and pharmacology. Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, and mixtures are fundamental units of matter. Atoms are the basic units of matter that make up various elements on the Earth. Everything about us, everything we can see and touch, is made of atoms - the food we eat, the atmosphere, я atcr in rivers, seas and oceans. Each atom has a definite structure. At the center of an atom there is a nucleus with positively charged protons and noncharged neutrons. Outside the nucleus in orbitals there are negatively charged electrons (Fig. 2-1). Atoms are fundamental units that make up the chemical elements from which all matter is ade. The entire universe is made up of about 105 elements. Elements can be identified by their Raines, symbols, or their atomic numbers. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons that are presenting the nucleus (the ■ -imber of protons is equal to the number of electrons). Look at the Table: Common Chemical Elements Found in the Human Body
When, on the basis of electron structure, two or more atoms unite, a molecule is formed. For example, a molecule of water contains 1 atom of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen (Fig. 2-2). Substances that contain molecules formed by the union of two or more different atoms are called compounds. These combinations may be simple and very complex. Water is the most necessary compound in the body. No plant or animal, including human, can live very long without water. It is very important to all physiologic processes in body tissues. Water carries substances to and from the cells and makes possible the essential processes of absorption, exchange, secretion and excretion. Why it is so important:
Not all elements or compounds combine chemically when brought together. The air we breathe consists of gases: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and their proportions in the air may vary. The blood plasma also consists of various components. Such combinations are called mixtures - blends of two or more substances. Solution is substance (solute) remains evenly distributed in a solvent (e.g. salt in water, glucose in water). Suspension is a dispersion of fine solid or liquid particles in a fluid, the particles being supported by buoyancy (e.g. red blood cells in plasma, milk of magnesia, india ink). Colloidal suspension forms when the particles do not dissolve but remain suspended (e.g. cytoplasm, blood plasma). An acid is a chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance. A common example is HC1 (hydrochloric acid, found in the stomach juices: HC1 - H' + Ch A base is a chemical substance usually containing a hydroxide ion (Off) that can accept a hydrogen ion: NaOH -» Na +OH. A reaction between an acid and a base produces salt: HC1 + NaOH -» NaCl + H,0. Acids, bases and salts are chemical compounds. In the body there are also organic compounds: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen containing. The main types of them are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates are the simple sugars called monosaccharides [,іштзи'saeks raidz]. Examples of carbohydrates in the body are the glucose that circulates in the blood as a food for the cell and a storage form of glucose called glycogen ['glaikaixhpn]. Fats, or lipids, are also a store of energy in the body. They provide insulation and protection for the body organs. All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, they may also have sulfur and phosphorus. Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino [з'таіпзп] acids. About twenty different amino acids are found in the body. An important group of proteins is enzymes. Enzymes function as catalysts in hundreds of reactions that occur in metabolism. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction but is not changed or used up in that reaction. Examples of them are: amylase, lipase, oxidase. |