Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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Exercise 4. Put in the correct form of the verbs as in the model. Model: Steve could hear shouts from the flat next door. his neighbours (to argue) - His neighbours were arguing. 1. Lucy went into the living room. It was empty but the television was still warm. Someone (to watch) it. 2.1 (to play) tennis, so I had to shower. I was annoyed because I (not win) a single game.
Notes to Exercises 1-4: emergency [i'lmidjansi] аварія; непередбачений випадок hitch-hike ['hitjhaik] подорожувати автостопом railway line - залізнична лінія faulty [-fo:lti] пошкоджений; несправний drill - дриль ladder ['leeda] драбина drown [draon] тонути; потопати hit - ударити argue ['a:gju:] сперечатися annoyed [a'rroid] роздратований; невдоволений destination [,desti'neijn] місце призначення ashamed [s'Jeimd] присоромлений Exercise 5. Name the parts of speech of the following words, translate them. Basic, mechanism, obesity, regulating, especial, especially, concentration, immunoreactive, generally, causal, purify, healthy, relationship, genetic. Exercise 6. Make up sentences; use expressions translating the right column.
III. Independent Work: Chemical Elements of Living Matter Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the question: What substances are spoken about in this text? Chemical Elements of Living Matter Living matter contains about one third of the elements of Mendeleev's Periodic Table. Only hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and iodine are found in higher concentration in the human body than in the Earth. Six other elements are found in roughly the same proportions: oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium and calcium. Certain organisms may accumulate considerable amounts of elements that do not normally occur in the human body. Besides hydrogen, oxygen is the element present in the human body in the greatest amount constituting about 65 % of the total (by weight) amount. The most amount of oxygen is combined with hydrogen as water. It is generally recognized that the primeval life forms' developed in the waters of the Earth and the evolution of animals progressed much in the sea. The heritage of our remote origins is still contained within us - the most abundant compound constituting the human body is water which constitutes 45 % to 75 % by weight. The exact amount depends principally on age, sex and build; relatively, infants have more than adults, men more than women. There may also be considerable differences between healthy and ill people and the water content of the body may be affected by drugs. The next most common element is carbon to which about one half of the body weight of tissues is due. The unique nature of living matter is due to its organic constituents, that is, compounds, based on a carbon chain. There are important inorganic constituents of the body, in addition to water. Sodium, potassium, chlorine are present as the ions, and so are part of calcium, magnesium, iodine and bromine. The total body sodium in a young adult is about 58 mmol/kg2 (1.3 g/k). The normal recommended intake of NaCl is 1 g per kg of water. Most western European and American diets contain 6-8 g of NaCl per day which, in a temporate climate, is much greater than required. The total body potassium in a young adult man is about 50 mmol/kg (1.9 g/k). It is somewhat less in women and decreases slightly with advanced age. An adult man was about 16.7 mmol/kg (400 mg/kg) of magnesium in his body, about half of which is present in bones. The concentration of magnesium in cells is about 7.5 mmol/1, about 1/3 of this is protein-bound3. Other important ions occurring in living matter, besides those formed from organic acids and bases, are bicarbonate, ammonium, phosphate and sulphate. The bony skeleton and the teeth contain lithium fluoride4 as well. Additional important inorganic compounds include carbon dioxide and oxygen. Most of nitrogen, sulphur and iodine and the heavy metals are present in organic molecules. About one tenth of phosphorus is combined with organic compounds. Notes: 'primeval life forms - початкові форми життя 2mmol/'kg - концентрація речовин у розчині, що відповідає одній тисячній грам-молекули в 1 л розчину чи 1 кг маси 3protein-bound - зв'язаний з білком 4lithium fluoride - фтористий літій, фторид літію Exercise 2. Read the sentences and name the tense and voice of the verbs; translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 1. The primeval life forms developed in the waters of the Earth. 2. The evolution of animals progressed greatly in the sea. 3. The exact amount of water in the human body depends on a person's age, sex and build. 4. Carbon constitutes about one half of the body weight. 5. The amount of potassium decreases slightly with advanced age. 6. The water content of the body is affected by drugs. 7. Heavy metals are present in organic molecules. Exercise 3. Read the sentences. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. 1. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and iodine (to find) in higher concentrations in the human body than in the Earth. 2. Oxygen in the living matter (to constitute) 65 % of the total amount 3. Primeval life forms (to develop) in the waters of the Earth. 4. The most amount of oxygen (to combine) with hydrogen as water. 5. The total body potassium (to decrease) slightly with advanced age. 7. The bony skeleton and the teeth (to contain) lithium fluoride as well. Exercise 4. Answer the following questions using the text. 1. What amount of chemical elements does living matter contain? 2. What elements are recognized as the most abundant in nature and human body? 3. What elements are found in the human body in higher concentrations than in the Earth's crust? 4. Is it right to say that primeval life forms developed in water? 5. Why does water constitute most part of the human body? 6. What does the exact amount of water in an adult and an infant depend on? 7. Is there any difference in water content in healthy and ill people? 8. What is the unique nature of living matter due to? 9. When does the total body potassium decrease? 10. What is the recommended dose of sodium chloride intake daily? 11. What chemical elements do bones and teeth contain? 12. What amount of phosphorus is combined with organic compounds? 13. What parts of the human body contain nitrogen, sulphur, iodine? LESSON THIRTY-FIVE
I. Speaking: At the Chemist's Exercise 1. Phonetic reading: practice the pronunciation of the following words. Try to translate them without the dictionary. Prescription [pris'kripjn], chemist ['kemist], label [Teibl], poisonous ['paiznas], to administer [ad'minista], dose [daus], dosage ['dausidj], tonics ['toniks], intravenous [,intra'vi:nas], intramuscular [,intra'rnAskjula], subcutaneous [,sAbkju'tainias], sedatives ['sedativz], laxatives [laeksativz], bromide ['braumaid], cardiac ['ka:diask], iodine ['aiadiin], tranquillizer ['traenkwHaiza], stimulant ['stimjoiant], hormone ['ho:maun], diuretic [,daijua retik], narcotic [na:'kt>tik], antibiotic [.asntibai'rjtik], depressant [di'presant], antihypertensive [,aenti,haipe:'tensiv], compatibility [kam,pasta'biliti], orally ['a:rali]. Exercise 2. Learn the following words and word combinations by heart. See the transcription of the words in Exercise 1. Label - етикетка; labels of three colors (white, yellow, blue); to stick a label on a bottle; the dose of the drug is indicated on the label. To administer - призначати; to administer some medicines; to administer some drug orally (для внутрішнього вживання); a doctor administers proper treatment; direction for administration of a drug. Dose - доза; dosage - дозування; the dose is indicated on the label; overdosage of a drug may cause allergic reaction - передозування ліків може викликати алергічну реакцію. Vitamin - вітамін; vitamins for internal use, for intravenous injections, for intramuscular injections. drugs for cough - ліки від кашлю cardiac medicine - серцеві ліки tonic - тонізуючий (зміцнювальний) засіб sedative - заспокійливий (снодійний) засіб tranquillizer - заспокійливий засіб, транквілізатор stimulant - збуджуючий засіб diuretic - сечогінний засіб depressant - заспокійливий засіб antihypertensive - засіб, що знижує тиск (гіпотензивний) to be in charge of - бути відповідальним за manager - керівник, директор, завідувач compatibility - сумісність ingredient - складова частина constant - постійний average - середній drug cabinet - шафа для зберігання ліків strong effective drug - сильнодіючі ліки medicines right away - готові лікарські препарати % - per cent [pa'sent] - відсоток, процент ml, milliliter - мілілітр mgm, milligram міліграм Exercise 3. Read the text and translate it. At the Chemist's Chemists' shops are specialized shops where medicines are sold. Chemists' shops are -s.ially situated on the ground floor. They have a hall for visitors, two departments for selling :rugs, and proper working rooms. The department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drugs is called a prescription :epartment. The other one is called a chemist's department. In the prescription department -.edicines are sold or made up according to prescriptions. In the chemist's department you can : jy medicines without prescriptions. In this department different things for medical care and -edicinal plants are bought. The working rooms of a chemist's include rooms for washing, drying and sterilization of glassware, an analytical laboratory, a room for storing medicines, a room for dispensing them and some others. At the chemist's all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on open shelves and in the refrigerator. Poisonous drugs are kept in a drug cabinet with the letter A. Strong effective drags are kept in a drug cabinet having the letter B. The drugs prepared at the chemist's for immediate use should be kept in the refrigerator. Powders, galenical preparations and medicines produced at pharmaceutical plants are usually kept on shelves protected from light at a constant temperature, not higher than room temperature. Every small bottle or box has a label with the name of the medicine. There are labels of four colors for the drugs prepared at the chemist's: labels of green color indicate medicines for internal use; blue labels indicate drugs used for injections. Drugs for external application have labels of yellow color. Drugs used for treatment of eye diseases have labels of pink color. The single dose and the total dosage are indicated on the label or signature. The directions for drug administration are very important for sick people as well as for those who take care for them. In the chemist's department medicines are kept according to the therapeutic effect: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, drugs for headache. Disinfectants, herbs and things for medical care such as hot-water bottles, medicine droppers, cups, thermometers, etc. are kept separately. In the prescription department one can see drugs of all kinds, boxes and parcels for different powders, ampules of glucose and camphor used for internal use; tonics and sedatives administered orally. The personnel of an average chemist's consists of a manager of the chemist's, a dispensing pharmacist who takes prescriptions and delivers drugs, a chemist controlling prescriptions, that is, physical, physico-chemical and pharmacological compatibility of the ingredients of compounds prescribed by physicians. The personnel includes also a chemist-analyst who controls effectiveness of the drug prepared at the chemist's as well as that of manufactured drugs. There is also a pharmacist who is in charge of the supply of necessary medicines. Exercise 4. Test yourself: can you translate these topical words and word combinations? Prescription, chemist's, to have a prescription made up, chemist's department, prescription department, drug, drug cabinet, label, to stick smth on smth, to indicate administration, chemist, remedy, poisonous, overdosage, untoward, powder, ampule, intravenous, intramuscular, tube, to heal, ointment, to rub in, irritation, pill, sedative, tonic, cod liver oil, sleeping draught, laxative, to administer, indigestion, dropper, to mark, effective, to sponge, to rinse, to take a tablespoonful of. Exercise 5. Answer the questions based on the text. 1. What floor are the chemist's shops usually situated on? 2. How many departments are there in every chemist's shop? 3. What things can you buy in the chemist's department? 4. What is mainly sold in the prescription department? 5. How many rooms does a chemist's consist of? 6. Where are different drugs kept at the chemist's? 7. What drags shouldbe kept in the refrigerator? 8. At what temperature should drags be kept in the refrigerator? 9. What is the color of labels on bottles with drugs for external use? 10. Where are the dosage and administration indicated? 11. Can we buy things for medical care at the chemist's? 12. What kinds of drugs are there in the prescription department? 13. What can you say about the personnel of the chemist's? 14. What does a manager of a chemist's do? 15. What does a dispensing pharmacist do? 16. What does a controller do? 17. What does a chemist-analyst do? 18. What does a pharmacist of supply do? Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs can, may, should, must. 1 .You ... be careful when you take medicines. 2.1... order the prescription at our chemist's. 3. You ... keep the mixture in a cool place. 4. How many times a day ... I take the medicine? 5. This drug ... be kept in the refrigerator. 6. You ... buy all the necessary drugs at the chemist's department. 7. All the drugs ... have a label with the name of the drugs and directions for administration. Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form. 1. The prescription (to prepare - Past Indefinite Passive) in two hours. 2. The prescription (to contain - Present Indefinite Active) the name of the drug, the name of the patient, the name of the physician and other information. 3. Today all prescriptions (to write - Present Indefinite Passive) in English. 4. That chemical name (to be - Past Indefinite) difficult to use and remember. 5. At the chemist's there (to be - Present Indefinite) a special room for preparation of medicines. 6. Powders, galenical preparations and medicines (can - Past Indefinite) be produced at pharmaceutical plants. 7. A dispensing pharmacist (to take - Past Indefinite Active) prescriptions. |