Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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Notes: 'stool ova and larvae of parasites test - аналіз калу на яйця та личинки паразитів Exercise 7. Read the text, title it, answer the question: what thermometer should one better use to conduct scientific research? The simplest and most common of all is a liquid thermometer. Mercury is a particularly suitable liquid because of its high boiling point - 357.25°C, and its low solidifying point -39°C. The mercury thermometer is more accurate than the alcohol one. Thermometers are supplied with a scale. A. Celsius (1701-1744) proposed a scale on which the melting point and boiling point of water were taken as the limits. These points were taken as 0° and 100° respectively. This is now known as the centigrade scale and is universally used in scientific work. There are other scales in use: the scale introduced by D. Fahrenheit (1686-1736), the scale introduced by R. Reaumur (1683-1757), and the scale introduced by Kelvin (1824-1907) -absolute scale. They are used in special analyses. Notes: mercury - ртуть boiling point - точка кипіння accurate - точний melting point - точка плавлення scale - шкала Exercise 8. Read the text and retell it. Work of a Laboratory Assistant If a person consults a doctor, he must undergo different tests: blood analyses, urinalyses, biochemistry studies, stool ova or larvae of parasities test, bacteriological studies, histological studies, etc. All these tests are performed by a laboratory assistant. The laboratory assistant must remember that the bacteria with which he is working can produce a disease. So he must be very careful when he works with cultures, slides and all the material that may be in contact with living microorganisms. That's why he must remember the following rules:
use. 5. Keep test tubes with cultures in test tube racks. The laboratory is equipped with different apparatuses and instruments. There are microscopes, analytical balances, distillators for obtaining distilled water as the running water contains various impurities, burners to heat solutions and thermometers. The apparatuses necessary for carrying out analyses are clamped to ring stands. When working in the laboratory, a laboratory assistant should put on a white gown and thoroughly wash his hands in running water before work and after it. A laboratory assistant must write down all the work carried out in the laboratory into the laboratory report book. All the observations during experiments must be written down into this book in the following form:
Exercise 9. Answer the following questions. 1 .What are the aims of the clinical laboratory? 2. What are the duties of a laboratory assistant? 3.What is the laboratory equipped with? 4.What can you say about the report book? Exercise 10. Name the rules, which must be followed by a laboratory assistant. Exercise 11. Choose one of the dialogs below. Act it out with your fellow student. Pain in the Leg D: Next, please. P: Good morning, doctor. D: Good morning, sit down, please. P: Thank you. D: What's your name? P: My name is... D: How old are you? P: I'm... D: Where do you live? P: I live in... D: What is your occupation? P: I am... D: What's wrong with your leg? P: I fell down on the skating rink and hurt my right leg badly. D: Take your shoe off, I'll examine your foot. P: My foot isn't broken, I have no swelling on it. But, you see, it is dark blue. D: Yes, it's a bad bruise. You must apply a warm compress on your foot and stay in bed for о or three days. P: Can I walk and do something about the house? D: No, of course not. You must take care of your leg. Stay in bed. P: Will you give me a certificate? D: Yes, see you on Monday. Good-bye. P: Thanks. Good-bye. Your Arm Is out of Joint P; Good morning, doctor! D: Good morning. Sit down, please. P: My name is... D: What is your age? P: 1 am... D: Where do you live? P: I live in... D: What is your occupation? P: I am a driver at a brick factory. D: What's happened? P: I have a bad pain in my left arm. Look at it! D: I shall examine you. Put your arm on the table. Let me see... Do you feel pain here? P: No. D: Here9 P: No, no, a little higher. D: Here? It may be out of joint. P: The severe pain's in this place. D: Your arm must be X-rayed as soon as possible. P: Do you think it's a fracture? D: No, I'll tell you after your arm is examined. Let's hope for the best. Here is the paper. P: What's this9 D: A referral to the X-ray department. P: May I go? D: Yes. see you soon. P: Thanks, doctor. Leg Fracture D: Next, please! P: Good morning, doctor. D: Good morning, sit down, please. What's your name? P: My full name is... D: Your age? P: ... D: Address? P: ... D: What's your occupation? P: ... D: What's wrong with you? P: My left leg is broken! D: Put your trousers down. I'll examine the leg. P: I can't move it. D: Lay it here, help yourself with the amis. I'll help you. P: I have a very bad pain here. D: Here? (Presses.) P: Ah! The pain becomes more severe, when you press the place. D: Yes, it may be a fracture, a closed fracture. I must see X-rays of the fracture, and only after that I'll be able to put your leg in plaster cast. P: Shall I ever go on my leg? D: Yes, of course, in some four or five weeks. You must stay in your bed during this period. P: Shall I be transported to the X-ray department? D: Yes, of course. P: Thank you. A Dog Bit Me P: Oh doctor! Help me, help! (Runs into the doctor's office.) D: Please calm down. Take a sit. What's your name? P: My name is... D: How old are you? P: I'm.... D: Are you married? P: Yes, I have a husband and two children. D: Where do you live? P: I live in... D: What's you profession? P: I am a ... at a ... D: Show me your wound. P: Here it is. A dog bit me. D: Let me see... It is deep and dirty. When did it happen? P: It happened an hour ago. D: Does it hurt you? P: Yes, I have a bad pain in my arm. D: Wait a minute. The nurse will make you an injection. P: Will you put stitches in my wound? D: Be calm. Don't worry. Everything will be all right. You will not feel any pain. Put your hand here. P: I'm afraid. Oh! Ah! (The doctor processes the wound.) D: That's right. It is ready. P: Thank you, doctor. What must I do now? D: Now you have to go to the dressing room, where the nurse will make you an injection. P: Thanks, doctor. Good-bye. II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Put in articles where necessary. 1. On ... 10* of August my brother was operated on for ... appendicitis. ... postoperative course of... disease was uneventful and on ... 14th postoperative day he was discharged from ... hospital. 2. During ... operation ... 500 ml of... antibiotics were introduced into ... abdominal cavity and ... patient was transfused ... preserved blood. 3. Before ... operation ... patient Smimov was given intratracheal anesthesia. 4. When I recovered my consciousness, 1 felt ... unbearable pain in ... lower part of ... stomach. 5. In ...course of ... operation ... abdominal cavity was cleansed from ... food mass and ... turbid exudates. 6. ... Surgeon Belov and his assistants were getting ready for ... operation in ... scrub room. 7. ... muscular tension is ... symptom of ... bad pain in ... stomach. 8. ... presence of ... free gas in ... abdominal cavity under ... cupula of... diaphragm suggest ... pathologic process. 9. ... scalpel, ... pincers and ... clamps are ... most necessary surgical instruments. Exercise 2. Name the tense and voice of the verbs and translate the sentences. 1. These scientists have taken the lead in the solution of this problem. 2. They are studying many questions of organ and tissue grafting. 3. Research is being conducted on grafting of the vessels, skin, bones, etc. 4. Neurosurgery, one of the youngest branches of medicine, has greatly advanced in scientific investigations. 5. Over 24,000 major operations have been performed at this institute. 6. Neurosurgical operations are performed with practically no loss of blood. Exercise 3. Name the parts of speech of the following words. Mind the suffixes and prefixes.
Exercise 4. The suffixes -dom, -ness convey abstract meaning of nouns derived from adjectives. Form nouns adding the suffixes -dom, -ness, translate the words. Free, king, kind, happy, ill, black, dark, fit, ready, weak, sick. to inform - інформувати to understand - зрозуміти to misinform - неправильно інформувати tomisunderstand - неправильно зрозуміти Make up words and translate them: dis-: like, appear, appearance, continue, charge; mis-: take, inform, lead, lay, place, print, rule; re-: act, action, agent, collect, form, turn, member. Exercise 6. Make up questions and answer them according to the model. Model: thermometer - to take temperature What is a thermometer used for? A thermometer is used for taking temperature. Burner - to heat solutions; distillator - to distil water or other liquids; vessel - to keep substances; pipette - to transfer liquids. Exercise 7. Translate into Ukrainian. To rebuild the bridge; to reread the text; to reconstruct some houses; to rewrite the task; to retell the story; to disagree with information; to divide into groups; to disappear in the darkness; to disapprove the decision; to mislead some men; to mishear the sentence; to misunderstand the translation.
The Red Cross is aimed to help all those suffering without any discrimination. Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
LESSON THIRTY-ONE
I. Speaking: Teeth Exercise 1. Phonetic reading: read the words, pay attention to the pronunciation. Special, laboratory, ventilate, group, analysis, cylinder, pipette, accurate, synthetic, natural, centimeter, cubic, experiment, apparatus, instrument, thermometer, alcohol, limit, reagent, paraffin, temperature, solution. Exercise 2. Read and learn the new words. tooth (pi. teeth) - зуб crown - коронка (зуба) neck - шийка (зуба) gums - ясна root - корінь (зуба) enamel - емаль dentine - дентин pulp - пульпа root canal - канал кореня зуба bite кусати chew, masticate - жувати teething - прорізування (зубів) incisor - різець cuspid, canine tooth, eye-tooth - ікло molar - молярний, кутній зуб wisdom tooth зуб мудрості digestion - травлення jaw щелепа set - ряд зубів covering - покриття Exercise 3. Learn the following word combinations by heart. bony organ - кістковий орган protective covering - захисне покриття outer and inner tissue - зовнішня і внутрішня тканина feeding and growing - живлення і ріст temporary teeth молочні зуби permanent teeth постійні зуби adult person - доросла людина see a dentist - консультуватися в зубного лікаря Exercise 4. Say in English. Верхня щелепа, нижня щелепа, молочні зуби, постійні зуби, кутній, різець, ікло, пульпа, верхнє покриття - це емаль, не кусай горіхи зубами, корінь зуба, різна форма коронок, дві зміни зубів, зуб мудрості. Exercise 5. Put in the necessary prepositions. 1. The teeth are ... the upper and lower jaws. 2. ... the time the child is two he has twenty teeth. 3. The man has two sets ... teeth. 4. The teeth are very important bony organs ... our digestion. 5. The teeth are divided ... four groups. (of, into, for, by. in) Exercise 6. Read the text and retell it. Teeth Teeth are very important bony organs for our digestion. By means of them we bite and masticate food. A tooth consists of three parts: the root, the neck and the crown. The physical support of each tooth is the alveolar bone. The tooth has a hard outer covering which surrounds the central pulp cavity. This protective covering consists of a very firm hard substance, enamel. The inner tissue of the tooth is dentine. It is a softer and less resistant material than the enamel. When the enamel is broken, the dentine soon suffers. There are blood vessels and nerves in our teeth by means of which the feeding and growing of them take place. Depending on the form and function our teeth are divided into four groups. They are incisors, cuspids, bicuspids and molars. The teeth have various forms of the crown. They may be one-root, two-root and three-root teeth. During our life we have two sets of teeth. The first teething begins at 6 months and lasts till the age of two and a half years. Little children have 20 temporary teeth. These teeth are not strong and their life time is only several years. The second teething begins at 6 years and is over by 24. An adult person has 32 permanent teeth. The clinical formula of teeth is as follows: 2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 2 bicuspids and ? molars. Exercise 7. Answer the questions. 1. What do we do by means of our teeth? 2. What parts does a tooth consist of? 3. What is the physical support of each tooth? 4. What does the protective covering consist of? 5. What is the inner tissue of the tooth? 6. What function do blood vessels and nerves fulfill in our teeth? Exercise 8. Read the text about mouth hygiene. You must keep your mouth, gums and teeth in healthy condition. Brush your gums and teeth every morning and rinse your mouth cavity after every meal. Don't use metal things to clean your teeth, because it'll ruin the teeth enamel. Examine your teeth twice a year. Use food which you must chew and newer crack nuts with teeth. |