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Exercise 3. Give antonyms of the following words and word combinations. The best, late, the strongest, older, the most difficult, taller, the widest, more unexpressive, the unhappiest, heavier, the best-known, nearer, the most comfortable, worse. Exercise 4. Translate into English. 1. До мене приїхав у гості дядько. Це один із найдальших родичів з маминого боку. 2. Він ходить до бібліотеки дуже часто, частіше, ніж ти думаєш. 3. Чим швидше ти зробиш цю вправу, тим краще. 4. їхати поїздом найзручніше, але це найповільніший вид транспорту. 5. Це найкращі ліки від болю в горлі. Exercise 5. Find sentences in the Present Perfect Continuous Tenses. 1. Let's go to this chemist's. 2. I have been preparing my home task since he came here. 3. A hot-water bag is the last thing you need. 4. The nurse has been making injections for two hours. 5. She usually buys these heart drops. 6. He hasn't been prescribing the tablets so long, has he? Exercise 6. Make the sentences interrogative and negative. 1. We have been choosing the best drags since 10 o'clock. 2. My sister has been working in this chemist's for three years. 3. They have been talking about new nasal drops for an hour already. 4. We have been studying grammar rales for several years. 5. She has been boiling this decoction for two hours already. Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences. 1. 1 have been boiling water with sugar ... 2. She has been doing exercises ... 3. We have been buying necessary medicine ... 4. My younger sister has been having her breakfast ... 5. I have been translating the instruction of these suppositories .... Exercise 8. Translate into English.
III. Independent Work: D.I. Mendeleev Exercise 1. Read the text. Outstanding Russian Chemist D.I. Mendeleev The second half of the 19lh century was a period of rapid growth of chemistry. Among those who contributed to its further development was Dmitriy Mendeleev, the discoverer of the Periodic Law of the Elements. Today the Periodic Law is studied by millions of secondary school children and by students at higher education establishments of natural sciences and engineering. It is studied by philosophers, historians and teachers. The Law serves as a basis for thousands of researches. The Periodic Law crossed national boundaries and has become the property of all nations, just like the works of Newton, Copernicus, Lomonosov, Darwin, Pavlov, Lobachevsky and Einstein. Dmitry Mendeleev expressed the essence of his Law as follows: "The properties of the elements and, consequently, the properties of the simple and complex bodies formed by them are periodic functions of their atomic weights". When atomic weight increases, the chemical elements periodically and at certain intervals show similar properties. After deep analysis of literature and experimental data on the properties of elements, Mendeleev arranged all the elements in a table consisting of vertical groups and horizontal periods. In this table all the data on the properties of the elements and their compounds are collected and arranged into a system. Before Mendeleev, several chemists tried to systematize the elements. Among them were German, English and French scientists. But they couldn't do that. It was only after gallium, scandium and germanium were discovered in France, Sweden and Germany and after the properties of a number of elements predicted by Mendeleev were confirmed, and finally after a debate lasting for several years in journals that Mendeleev was recognized as the author of the Periodic Law. In a few years Mendeleev was elected an honorary member of the American, English, Rome, Berlin, Belgian, Danish, Cracow and other Academies of Sciences; a member of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh and an honorary doctor of Cambridge, Oxford and other universities. Altogether 150 scientific and educational institutions in various countries elected him an honorary member. The Academy of Sciences and the Mendeleev Society award the Mendeleev Prize and the Mendeleev Gold Medal for outstanding research work in chemistry. Exercise 2. Make up a vocabulary of new words, write them down in your vocabularies. Exercise 3. Make up a plan of the text. Exercise 4. What is the main idea of the Periodic Law of the Elements? Exercise 5. Tell your group about Dmitriy Mendeleev. LESSON THIRTY-FOUR
I. Speaking: Chemical Elements. Properties of Substances Exercise 1. Test yourself: do you remember these words? Read, pay attention to their translation. Change: change of color; chemical changes; physical changes. We can change the color of metals. Produce: the factory produces various materials; production of materials; this medicine was produced in 1929. Consider: they considered themselves very important; they consider him a famous scientist; we must consider his youth; she is considered a very clever girl. Rain: It rains today; when it rains, I usually stay at home; there was a heavy rain last night. Establish: our college was established in 1928; there are many higher educational establishments in our city; it is established that the substance dissolves slowly. Leaf (pi. leaves): Leaves of trees are green in summer; the last leaf falls to the ground; leaves fall in autumn. Exercise 2. Read the following words of Latin or Greek origin. Pay attention to their spelling and pronunciation. Periodic [piari'Ddik], hydrogen ['haidracbjan], carbon [-ka:ban], nitrogen ['naitracfjan], iodine ['aiadi:n], concentration [,krjnsant'reijh], ion [aian], oxygen ['oksicfjan], phosphorus ['fbsfaras], chlorine ['klt>ri:n], potassium [pa'taesjem], calcium ['kaelsiam], human ['hju:man], total ['tautl], evolution [,i:va lojan], constituent [kan'stitjuanf], sodium ['saudjam], protein ['prautim], bicarbonate [bai'ka:banit], ammonium [a'maunjem], phosphate ['fosfeit], sulphate ['sAlfeit], diet ['daiaf], dioxide [dai'Dksaid], metal ['metl], molecular [mau'lekjula], molecule ['mt)likju:l], organic [a:'gaenik], lithium [liOiam], magnesium [ma;g'ni:zjam], bromine ['braumkn], liquid [Tikwid], component [kam'paunant], mixture ['mikstfa], practical ['praktikal], chromatography [,kroma'rogran], caustic soda ['ka:stik'sauda], sulphur ['sAlfa]. Exercise 3. Read and learn the following words: a) names of chemical elements or their combinations: lead [led] свинець fluorine ['floari:n] фтор diamond ['daiamand] алмаз; діамант fluoride ['floaraid] фторид copper ['кора] мідь gold ['gauld] золото iron [aian] залізо silver ['silva] срібло solid ['snlid] тверда речовина bone - кістка tissue - тканина light - легкий transparent [traens'paearanf] прозорий rapid - швидкий affect - впливати separate - відділяти sample ['sasmpl] зразок; проба detect - відкривати, знаходити, виявити b)names of substances: sugar ['Juga] цукор sand [saend] пісок dust [dAst] пил c)names of physical properties: sense [sens] відчуття; відчувати taste [teist] смак odor ['auda] запах break [breik] ламати freeze [fri:z] замерзати deform - деформувати density f'densiti] питома вага soft - м'який Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the verbs affect, occur, separate, remove, detect. 1. Oxygen and nitrogen widely ... in nature. 2. High temperature and pressure ... sometimes the composition of a compound. 3. It is necessary to ... impurities before the beginning of the experiment. 4. Water can be ... by means of distillation. 5. Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas which is not difficult... by its odor. Exercise 5. Answer the questions. 1. Is fluorine a gas? 2. Does lead deform under the action of high temperatures? 3. Does diamond deform under the action of high temperatures? 4. Does the human body contain inorganic substances? 5. Is oxygen present in the human body? 6. Does water constitute 45 to 75 % of the total weight of the human body? 7. Is calcium contained in bones? 8. Are there important inorganic constituents in the human body in addition to water? 9. Is carbon the most common element of living matter? 10. Do most of inorganic elements occur in living matter? 11. Is chlorine a greenish yellow gas? 12. Does sodium conduct electricity? 13. Is sodium a very reactive substance? 14. Is the river water a mixture of substances? 15. Is distilled water a pure substance? Exercise 6. Read the sentences, name the tense and voice of the verbs. 1. Water freezes at the temperature of 0°C. 2. It is considered that life developed in the water of the Earth. 3. One half of the body weight is due to carbon. 4. Physical changes do not mean a change in the composition of a substance. 5. Some elements easily conduct electricity. 6. Many drugs affect living cells and are considered a strong poison. 7. Tea and coffee are characterized by different taste and odor. 8. Water is a colorless, odorless and transparent liquid with a boiling point of 100°C. 9. It is difficult to separate and detect constituents of drugs. Exercise 7. Name the chemical elements in English. Fe, Cu, O, Na, K, HC1, S, H2S04, CI, C, Ca, F, PI, N, 1, H,0. Exercise 8. Read the text and translate it. Symbols in chemistry stand for the elements. For example, H, O, N, CI, K, S stand for the elements hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, potassium, sodium respectively. The chemical symbol stands only for one atom of the element. The atom is the smallest particle of the element that can enter into chemical combinations. Atoms can combine and form molecules. For example, two atoms of hydrogen will form a molecule of hydrogen. When different atoms combine as in the case of water (H,0) or sulphuric acid (H2S04), the formulas say what atoms and how many of them are present. For example, H2S04 molecules consist of two hydrogen atoms, one sulphur atom and four oxygen atoms. Exercise 9. Match the nouns to the verbs.
Exercise 10. Read the description of some chemical elements. What elements are spoken about? Use their names instead of blanks.
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences using the following word combinations. 1. Sugar and salt have ... . 2. Breaking, freezing, melting, boiling and deforming of a substance are considered .... 3. The reaction of sodium with chlorine is a typical... .4. Filtration can be used to separate the iron powder from the ... . 5. Most of nitrogen, sulphur and iodine and heavy metals are present or combined with ... 6. Life is dependent upon great amounts of ... .7. Toxic substances can be classified into several categories according to ... . (sulfur solution, chemical reaction, organic molecules, many different elements, effects on the body, different tastes, physical changes) Exercise 12. Communicative situations.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Read this paragraph, translate it. Find verbs in the Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Mr. Dennis Fowler died last Friday evening in the Highfield Hospital at the age of 58. Mr. Fowler suffered a heart attack at his home three weeks ago after he had been cooking a meal for some guests. According to friends he had been working very hard at his mobile telephone business, which had been losing money. Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Perfect Continuous Tense as in the model: Model: A: I had a terrible backache last week. B: Oh, dear. What... you (do)? — What had you been doing? A.: I (dig) in the garden. It was in the afternoon on Sunday. В.: I (not do) it long when I felt pain in my back. It was still aching the next day. When I finally got to see the doctor, I (wait) over an hour. He was late. He (deal) with an emergency. But he was able to help me. It's much better now. Exercise 3. Add a sentence in the Past Perfect Continuous Tense to explain how accidents happened. Use the words in brackets. Model: Some children started a house fire. They'd been playing with matches.
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