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111. Independent Work: Spinal Curves Exercise 1. Write down the following words into your vocabulary, learn them. curve [k3:v] вигин; кривизна; закруглення disorder [dis'o:d;>] розлад; відхилення; хвороба exaggeration [ig zasq^s'reifn] перебільшення hunchback ['h.\ntjb£ek] горбань lordosis [b:'dsusis] лордоз scoliosis [.sknli'sosis] сколіоз curvature ['k3:v3tf3J кривизна; вигин, згин; викривлення compression [kDm'preJn] стиснення teen [ti:n] віком від 13 до 19 років Exercise 2. Read the text, translate it. Spinal Curves There are three abnormalities of the spinal curves. An exaggeration of the thoracic curve is a hunchback, or kiphosis. An excessive lumbar curve is called lordosis. The most common of those disorders is scoliosis. This is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column. In extreme cases there may be compression of some of the internal organs. Scoliosis occurs in the rapid growth period of the teens, more often in girls than in boys. Early discovery and treatment produce good results. If the curvature is mild, the treatment may involve only exercises: sit-ups, exercises to stretch the spine, and breathing exercises may strengthen the muscles of the trunk enough to correct the situation. More severe scoliosis may require wearing a special leather brace or a plastic brace. The use of specially designed electrical stimulation devices has met some success. The most severe scoliosis requires spinal fusion surgery. Exercise 3. Find sentences with the infinitive, write them out, underline the infinitive, name its forms. Exercise 4. Make up a plan of the text. UNIT SIX
I. Speaking: Bones After careful study of this unit you should be able to: -name three different types of bone cells; -differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and location;
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read the texts, try to understand them using the vocabulary; make up a plan of each text. Text A. Bones Bones are organs with their own system of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. They are composed of bone tissue, called osseous tissue. Bone formation begins during the second and third months of embryonic life. At this time osteoblasts, or bone-building cells, become very active. Osteoblasts manufacture the intracellular material which is located between the cells and contains a protein called collagen. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain a bone, but they do not produce new bone tissue. Other cells, called osteoclasts, are responsible for the process of resorption, or the breakdown of a bone. In the skeleton there are more than 200 bones of many different shapes. They may be flat (rib, skull), cube-shaped (wrist, ankle), or irregular (vertebrae). The typical bones, which make up most of the arms and legs, are described as a long bone. It has a long shaft, called the diaphysis, which has a central marrow cavity and two irregular ends, epiphysys (see Fig. 6-1). There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. Compact tissue forms the shaft of long bones; it is located outside of other bones. Spongy tissue forms the ends of long bones, it is also located in the center of other bones. Bones contain two kinds of marrow: red and yellow. Red marrow is found at the end of the long bones and at the center of other bones, which manufactures blood cells. Yellow marrow is found in the central cavities of the long bones. It is largely fat. Each bone is covered on the outside by the periosteum with blood and lymph vessels and nerves, and the endosteum, a thinner membrane which covers the marrow cavity of a bone. Text B. Functions of Bones Bones have a number of functions, many of which are not obvious. Some of these are listed below:
4) to serve as a storehouse for calcium, which may be resorbed into the blood if there is not enough calcium in diet; 5) to produce blood cells (in the red marrow). Text C. Disorders of Bones We can divide the bones' disorders into some groups: miscellaneous disorders, metabolic disorders, curves of the spine, changes in aging, and fractures. Cleft palate is deformation of the maxilla. Infants born with this defect have difficultly nursing, because their mouths communicate with the nasal cavities. Surgery is usually performed to correct this defect. Osteoporosis is a disorder of bone formation, the lack of normal calcium deposits and a decrease in bone protein. The bones become fragile and break easily. Treatment has included administration of calcium daily throughout adult life. Osteomyelitis is the inflammation of bones caused by pus-producing bacteria. Tumors may be benign or malignant (osteosarcomas). Rickets is a rare childhood disease, characterized by numerous bone deformities. The bones become soft and distorted. Deficiency of the active form of vitamin D prevents the absorption of calcium and phosphorus through the intestine. The age also puts such changes as thinning of the intervertebral disks, the vertebral bodies may lose height, the costal cartilages become calcified and flexible. The word fracture means "a break or a rupture of a bone". Fractures can be:
- greenstick fracture, when the bone splits in much the same way as a piece of green wood might (it is common for children); - impacted, when the broken ends of the bone are jammed into each other;
Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 6-1 and describe a long bone. Exercise 4. Explain the difference between the terms in each of the following pairs:
Exercise 5. Tell your group about five bone disorders. Exercise 6. Name six types of fractures (use Fig. 6-2). Exercise 7. Read the dialog and act it out. Traumatologist: What's happened? Patient: I fell down and hurt my leg. T: What troubles you now? P: I feel a severe pain in my right leg and can't walk. T: Show me your injured leg. Place it on the chair and take off the bandage. Move the joints of your leg. P: 1 can't. It is painful. T: Lie down on a coach, please. I'll examine your leg. Does it hurt you when 1 touch here? P: No, it doesn't. T: Is it painful at pressing? P: Yes, it is. T: Where is the pain more acute, here or there? P: Here. T: Try to bend and to unbend your leg. Don't move it. Sit down, please. I believe you have a fracture. You need treatment. Do you agree to be hospitalized? P: No, I do not. T: Then you'll be treated in your polyclinic. First it's necessary to X-ray your leg and give an injection with antitetanic serum. Then your leg will be put in plaster. Stay in your bed for one-two weeks. Then we'll take off the plaster. You'll do easy exercises and massage your leg. P: Well, doctor, I'll follow your instructions. T: Besides, I'll prescribe you some medicine and vitamins for the improvement of your general condition. Now the nurse will accompany you to the X-ray room. Then she will call in an ambulance to transport you home without delay. P: Well, thank you. Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Read the words and translate them. Name their parts of speech, pay attention to the suffixes.
Exercise 2. Match synonyms from A and B, translate them.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences. 1. He decided to achieve better results in the second term. 2. In addition to the lecture we must read some articles on this subject. 3. Yesterday he finished his experiment earlier than usual. 4. The doctor fixed the date of the operation for this patient. 5. Their son graduated from the Institute and got an appointment to a village hospital. 6. Last summer we rested longer than usual. 7. The book by Prof. V.V. Kovanov contains much interesting information for medical students. Exercise 4. Write out sentences with the infinitive from Exercise 3. Name its form and function in the sentence. Exercise 5. Underline the infinitive, name its form and function in the following sentences.
Exercise 6. Translate into English: 1. Вам потрібно проконсультуватись у травматолога. 2. Лікар призначив йому полоскати горло щогодини. 3. Лікувати хворих - це завдання кожного лікаря. 4. Основне завдання медсестри - доглядати за своїми пацієнтами. 5. Лікар прийшов у палату, щоб обстежити нового пацієнта. 6. Медсестра не має права помилятися. 7. Вже пізно починати цю роботу сьогодні. 8. Він завжди хотів стати хірургом. III. Independent Work: Traumatological Case Report Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it. Traumatological Case Report A seven-year-old boy was admitted to the emergency department one hour after being struck by a car. There was no history of loss of consciousness. He complained of pain in the left side of the abdomen, in the left flank, and in the left leg. The patient had a pulse rate of 100 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 25 times per minute and his blood pressure was 120 over 80. A bruise on the head 2 by 2 centimeters, swellings in the left parietal region were present. Large bruises were found in the left upper and lower abdominal quadrants during observation. Microscopic hematuria was present. Roentgenography revealed a linear fracture of the left parietal bone. A routine roentgenogram of the abdomen showed a normal condition. It was something wrong with the spleen, but the operation was not done nor was the test for the hematocrit value repeated. The patient was taken to the operating room and 200 cubic centimeters of blood were found in the abdominal cavity. A rupture of the spleen was seen in the region predicted by scanning. Splenectomy was performed. No postoperative reactions. The patient was discharged ten days after admission. |