Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ

• Название: Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
• Анкор: ENGLISH_for_Medical_Students.doc
• Дата: 28.01.2017
• Размер: 25.36 Mb.
• Имя файла: ENGLISH_for_Medical_Students.doc
• Тип: Документы; #289
• страница: 42 из 67

I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Vessels and Blood Circulaton

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• 
  name three types of vessels;
  
• 
  compare the locations and functions of the pulmonary and systemic circuits;
  
• 
  name the arteries of the systemic circuit;
  
• 
  name the veins of the systemic circuit;
  
• 
  explain the physiology of circulation;
  
• 
  define pulse and blood pressure;
  
• 
  list disorders of the blood vessels.
  

Exercise 1. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences.

1. It is known that the blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Imirnov's health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical :\ertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight decreased considerably during the prolonged . ^ness.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes ".orter and the other one - longer. 2 The pressure in the cranial cavity is increased as a result of v.e increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per .;nt of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of ^_e wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the :.ner organs and their functions.

Exercise 3. Read the passages and answer the questions.

1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets.
"hat substance is it?

2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5

- llion per cu mm in healthy adults. Their color(ing) is red. What cellular elements are they?

3. This blood is brought to the heart from systemic and portal circulations. It enters the

- ;ht atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle .':s blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?

Exercise 4. Say what heart valve is described in each sentences.

1. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber. 2. This valve nnects the atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber. 3. This valve is located at the -: :nt of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle.

Exercise 5. Combine the nouns with appropriate verbs.

The heart, the blood, the artery, contract, pass, dilate, bring, regulate, pump, vary, beat, :npose, work, consist of, discharge, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry.

Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. The human heart begins to beat and pump blood quicker than usual during emotions stress. 2. The human heart makes 60-80 contractions per minute. 3. On physical exertion th. heart has a short period of rest and the diastole becomes less. 4. The heart acts as a purr.: discharging the blood to the peripheral and pulmonary systems. 5. Ten tons of blood are pumpe: through the heart daily. 6. John Floyer, an English doctor (1694-1734), was the first scientist:: find out the varying rate in men.
Exercise 7. Learn the following words by heart, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
artery [a:tari]	arteria	артерія
aorta [ei'a:ta]	aorta	аорта
arteriole [a:'tieri,aul]	arteriola	артеріола
circuit ['s3:kit]	circulus	КОЛО
vein [vein]	vena/phleb(s)	вена
venule ['vmju:l]	venula	венула
pulmonary	pulmonalis	легеневий
camera, chamber	cavum	порожнина
inferior [in fiaria]	inferioris	нижній
superior [sju:'piaria]	superioris	верхній
capillary vessel [ka'pilari]	vas capillare	капілярна судина

Exercise 8. Lean the pronunciation of the following words.

respiratory ['respararori] дихальний

lateral ['tetaral] боковий

mediastinum [,mi:dia'stainam] середостіння

pleura ['pluara] плевра

lobe[laub] доля

serous['siaras] серозний, сироватковий

visceral['visaral] що стосується нутрощів

subserous[sAb'siares] підсерозний

extend[iks'tend] простягатись

upward[Apwad] вгору

level[levl] рівень

vary['veari] мінятись; змінюватись

proper['ргора] правильний, відповідний; властивий, притаманний

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks, use the words: varies, covered, extends, heavier. 1. The aorta ... from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels .. they dilate. 3. The right lung is ... than the left one. 4. The lungs are ... with the pleura.

-.7. usual during emotiona. ^: On physical exertion the

T'r.e heart acts as a pumr :- :ons of blood are pumpec . was the first scientist te

rtention to their Latin/Greek
Ukrainian

ерія
черюла


■ апілярна судина

extends, heavier. rape of the vessels ... whe: ... with the pleura.

Exercise 10. Read the text, translate it.
Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

The blood vessels together with the four heart chambers form a closed system for the flow of blood. They are divided into three groups: arteries carry blood from the ventricles (pumping chambers) of the heart out to the capillaries in the tissues (the smallest arteries are called arterioles); veins drain capillaries in the tissues and return the blood to the heart (the smallest veins are called venules); capillaries allow for exchanges between the blood and body cells or between the blood and air in the lung tissues. The capillaries connect the arterioles and venules. Aorta is the largest artery with thick walls because it receives blood under the highest pressure from the left ventricle.

All vessels together make up two circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary vessels carry blood to and from the lungs. Systemic arteries and veins serve the rest of the body, supplying nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues and carry away waste materials from the tissues for disposal (Fig. 12-1).

We know that the venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. When the pressure in the right atrium has increased, the blood passes into the right ventricle from the right atrium.

During the systole of the ventricle the blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. When the right ventricle has pumped the venous blood into the pulmonary artery, it enters the pulmonary circulation. The blood is brought to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs the venous blood discharges carbon dioxide. When the blood has discharged carbon dioxide, it takes in oxygen in the lungs.

The blood, which has become oxygenated, passes from the enous part of the pulmonary capillary system into the veins, and venules. When the oxygenated blood has passed the four pulmonary veins, it is brought to the left atrium of the heart.

Under the pressure in the left atrium the arterial blood, a hich the pulmonary veins have brought to the heart, is pumped :nto the left ventricle. During the prolonged contraction of the eft ventricle, the so-called ventricular systole, the arterial blood s pumped into the aorta. When the left ventricle has pumped the arterial blood into the aorta, it is carried through the arteries to all ".he parts of the body.

We can control the work of our heart feeling the pulse. It is :he wave of pressure that travels along the arteries as ventricles contract (about 70-80 times per minute). The pulse can be felt in any artery that is relatively close to the surface. We can only press ::ie vessel down against a bone. Usually we feel the pulse on the "adial artery on the wrist.

Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by the blood -gainst the walls of the vessels. We measure BP with the help of sphygmomanometer [^sfigmsumq'nrjmita], and two variables are measured: systolic, which occurs during heart muscle contraction,

and diastolic, which occurs during relaxation of the heart muscle. The normal BP in adults is 120 to 80 mm Hg.

Exercise 11. Find English equivalents in the text.

Легеневе коло кровообігу, несуть кров до і від легенів, постачаючи поживними речовинами, повертають кров до серця, найвищий тиск, виштовхується з правого шлуночка до легеневої артерії, коли шлуночки скорочуються, можна відчути, просто притиснути, виміряти кров'яний тиск, що з'являється під час розслаблення.
Exercise 12. Read the following sentences and say what they are about.

1. This part of the heart discharges the blood received from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation. 2. This part of the heart discharges the blood received from the systemic circulation to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.

Exercise 13. Read the list of disorders involving the blood vessels. Try to memorize these diseases.

1. 
   Hypertension (high BP).
   
2. 
   Hypotension (low BP).
   
3. 
   Aneurysm (weakness of vessels).
   
4. 
   Arterial degeneration:
   

- atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in vessels, may result in thrombus);

- arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries with scar tissue or calcium salts, may result in ischemia and cell necrosis).

5. 
   Hemorrhage (massive loss of blood).
   
6. 
   Shock (inadequate output of blood from the heart).
   
7. 
   Varicose veins (swelling of veins in legs and rectum).
   
8. 
   Phlebitis (inflammation of a vein).
   
9. 
   Embolus (a piece of clot travelling in the circulation). 10.Pulmonary embolism (a clot lodged in lungs).
   

Control Tests. Cardiovascular System

1. We check BP with

A. cardiogram

B. tonometer

C. stethoscope

D. fingers

E. palpation

3. Between the right and left heart there is

A. an artery

B. a vessel

C. a septum

D. a valve

E. a wall

2. The greater circulation begins with

A. the right heart

B. the left ventricle

C. the right atrium

D. the right ventricle

E. the left atrium

4. Between the chambers in the heart there are

A. valves

B. boxes

C. walls

D. septa

E. vessels

5 The heart has chambers.

A. two

B. three

C. four

D. six

E. eight

n. Where isn't the heart situated?

A. In the chest

B. In the left part of the thorax

C. In the right part of the thorax

D. Above the diaphragm

E. Between the lungs

. What part doesn't belong to the heart?

A. Chamber

B. Atrium

C. Valve

D. Stomach

E. Ventricle

S. How many blood circulations are there in the human body?

A. 3

B.4

C. 5

D. 2

E. 6

3. What science studies the diseases of the heart and blood vessels?

A. Pathology

B. Biology

C. Cardiology

D. Genetics

E. Physiology

10. What valve is there between the left atrium and ventricle?

A. Tricuspid

B. Aortic

C. Venous

D. Mitral

E. Arterious

11. How do we call the valve between the
right atrium and ventricle?

A. Tricuspid

B. Aortic

C. Mitral

D. Venous

E. Arterious

12. How many ventricles does the human
heart have?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 1
E.No

13. The heart and blood vessels form the .

A. digestive system

B. nervous system

C. urinary system

D. cardiovascular system
C. endocrine system

14. Hypertension is the .

A. low BP

B. high BP

C. atonia

D. dystonia

E. lack of vitamins

15. A red blood cell is .

A. leukocyte

B. monocyte

C. phagocyte

D. erythrocyte

E. granulocyte

16. There are groups of blood.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

E. 6

17. The largest arterial vessel is .

A. artery

B. vein

C. capillary

D. aorta

E. membrane

18. What medicine is used to prevent the
formation of blood clots?

A. Anticoagulant