Методичка по английскому. Двух семестров (одного учебного года)
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Criminals and Law BreakersMost countries have laws (official rules set by the government). Together, these laws are called "the Law". When people disobey the Law, we say that they "break the law", and we call such people "law breakers" or "criminals". Breaking the law is a "crime".
Задание 2. Выполните задание на странице: http://www.groovetoenglish.com/criminals.htm Задание 3. Прочитайте текст. Выпишите и переведите подчёркнутые слова и сочетания. Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, or criminology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum. In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out. Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society. Задание 4. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите. 1.criminology, a criminologist 2. view, a point of view 3. to look into a problem 4. to be regarded as 5. scientific study of criminals 6. a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine 7. mental asylum 8. to set out an idea 9. to be recognized by appearance 10. a left handed person 11. to have a criminal instinct 12. stuck out ears 13. hereditary causes of crime 14. to reject in favor of environmental factors 15. to reform penal system 16. humane treatment of convicts Задание 5. Выберите соответствующие слова и сочетания для пробелов в тексте.
Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and measurement of prison _________ to determine the characteristics of _______. Some of his __________ allowed him to establish the existence of “hereditary criminals”. Lombroso held that such criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do noncriminals. Among these anomalies, were various unusual skull sizes and asymmetries of the facial bones. Other scholars helped to introduce the ideas that crime has ________ causes and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their __________ and associations. Thus, the emphasis in criminology had turned to experimental _____ _____ and to preventive and _______ measures. Without this contribution into the scientific study of criminals the present-day alternatives to ____________ and old-fashioned imprisonment such as probation, ________ sentence, fines, and parole would have been _________. Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы.
Задание 7. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Habeas Corpus Act In Britain, the United States and many other English- speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail. When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given fifty lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant. Public anger was so great she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace, was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law is regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”. Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase- Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum- that means “Let the body be brought before the judge.” In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once. Задание 8. Найдите эквиваленты русских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь. Английские слова и сочетания произнесите. 1. мировой судья 2. ордер на арест 3. варварское отношение 4. восстание, мятеж, бунт 5. вторжение, нападение, нашествие 6. недовольство общественности 7. печально известный, пользующийся дурной славой 8. заключить в тюрьму 9. вызвать гневный протест 10. привести к принятию закона 11. получить строгий выговор 12. предстать перед судом 13. быть оправданным 14. быть приостановленным 15. от имени народа/ монарха Задание 9. Напишите по-русски 5-6 предложений со словами и сочетаниями из упр.2. Попросите друг друга перевести их на английский язык. Задание 10. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
Задание 11. Составьте аннотацию текста сначала на русском, а потом на английском языке. Воспользуйтесь памяткой. Памятка 9
Задание 12. Прочитайте тексты. Обсудите в парах их содержание, опираясь на следующие вопросы: 1. Was justice done? 2. If you had been the judge, would you have given a different sentence? 3. If you had been the judge, what other facts and circumstances would you have wanted to know? Manslaughter In 1981 Marianne Bachmeir, from Lubeck, West Germany, was in court watching the trial of Klaus Grabowski, who had murdered her 7 year-old daughter. Grabowski had a history of attacking children. During the trial, Frau Bachmeir pulled a Beretta 22 pistol from her handbag and fired eight bullets, six of which hit Grabowski, killing him. The defence said she had bought the pistol with the intention of committing suicide, but when she saw Grabowski in court she drew the pistol and pulled the trigger. She was found not guilty of murder, but was given six years imprisonment for manslaughter. West German newspapers reflected the opinion of millions of Germans that she should have been freed, calling her "the avenging mother". Homicide Bernard Lewis, a mirty-six-old man, while preparing dinner became involved in an argument with his drunken wife. In a fit of a rage Lewis, using the kitchen knife with which he had been preparing the meal, stabbed and killed his wife. He immediately called for assistance, and readily confessed when the first patrolman appeared on the scene with the ambulance attendant. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter. The probation department's investigation indicated that Lewis was a rigid individual who never drank, worked regularly, and had no previous criminal record. His thirty-year-old deceased wife, and mother of three children, was a "fine girl" when sober but was frequently drunk and on a number of occasions when intoxicated had left their small children unattended. After due consideration of the background of the offence and especially of the plight of the three motherless youngsters, the judge placed Lewis on probation so that he could work , support, and take care of the children. On probation Lewis adjusted well, worked regularly, appeared to be devoted to the children, and a few years later was discharged as "improved" from probation. Murder In 1952 two youths in Mitcham, London, decided to rob a dairy. They were Christopher Craig, aged 16, and Derek William Bentley, 19. During the robbery they were disturbed by Sydney Miles, a policeman. Craig produced a gun a killed the policeman. At that time Britain still had the death penalty for certain types of-murder, including murder during a robbery. Because Craig was under 18, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Bently who had never touched the gun, was over 18. He was hanged in 1953. The case was quoted by opponents of capital punishment, which was abolished in 1965. Assault In 1976 a drunk walked into a supermarket. When the manager asked him to leave, the drunk assaulted him, knocking out a tooth. A policeman who arrived and tried to stop the fight had his jaw broken. The drunk was fined ?10. Shop-lifting In June 1980 Lady Isabel Barnett, a well-known TV personality was convicted of stealing a tin of tuna fish and a carton of cream, total value 87p, from a small shop. The case was given enormous publicity. She was fined ?75 and had to pay ?200 towards the cost of the case. A few days later she killed herself. Fraud This is an example of a civil case rather than a criminal one. A man had taken out an insurance policy of ?100,000 on his life. The policy was due to expire at 3 o'clock on a certain day. The man was in serious financial difficulties, and at 2.30 on the expire day he consulted his solicitor. He then went out and called a taxi. He asked the driver to make a note of the time, 2.50. He then shot himself. Suicide used not to cancel an insurance policy automatically. (It does nowadays.) The company refused to pay the man's wife, and the courts supported them. Задание 13. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. Murder The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive ideas. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel pre-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth Many of these people think differently now. Three unarmed policemen have been killed in London by bandits who shot them down in cold blood. This crime has drawn attention to the fact that since the abolition of capital punishment crime - and especially murder - has been on increase throughout Britain. Today, therefore, public opinion in Britain has changed. People who before, also in Parliament, stated that capital punishment was not a deterrent to murder - for there have always been murders in all countries with or without the law of execution - now feel that killing the assassin is the lesser of two evils. Capital punishment, they think, may not be the ideal answer, but it is better than nothing, especially when, as in England, a sentence of "lifelong" imprisonment (a life sentence, as it is called) only lasts eight or nine years. All this is very controversial. And all the arguments for and against can be refuted in practice. The problem remains - the problem of how to prevent murders. Some murders are committed by criminals evading arrest, by insane or mentally disturbed people, by cold-blooded sadists completely devoid of all human feelings. The important thing in the prevention of murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns and knives, with which these crimes are committed, and futhermore to stop the dangerous influence of violence in books, films, television and other mass media, from which so many criminals derive their "inspiration"
Задание 14 . Разделитесь на группы, обсудите и запишите список аргументов «за» и «против» следующих утверждений. 1. Mild sentences are a sign of a civilized society. 2. Capital punishment is not a deterrent to murder. 3. Armed policemen can perform their duties better. 4. Scenes of violence in films encourage crime. 5. Legalized selling of firearms stimulates murder. 6. Legalized selling of firearms ensures security. 7. The instinct to kill is basic to human nature. Задание 15. a) Прочитайте текст. Найдите синонимы следующих слов и сочетаний из текста. - burst into tears; - respectable; - shop-lifting; - youngster; б) Перескажите историю от лица: - Саманты - охранник магазина - полицейского A Fourteen year old Samantha was lucky this time. Caught by a store detective with a bottle of hair conditioner, eye-lash dye, and a copy of Young Generation hidden in her bag, she found herself in a van being driven to the police station. Even more upset than Samantha was her Mum. She was as white as a sheet when she went to collect Samantha from police station, and burst into tears. Samantha says, "I was lucky. Two policemen came and looked at my home, which is very middle class and respectable. I think that's why they let me off. They even asked to see my school books." After two years of regular shoplifting, Samantha has decided to go straight from now on. She says she did it mostly out of boredom, and not to impress her friends as a tot of youngsters do. But she feels she's grown out of it after the fright she got the other day, and has decided to look for other interests. Задание 16. Задайте по прочитанному тексту вопросы друг другу. Задание 17. Выберите соответствующие слова и сочетания для пробелов в тексте. THE PURPOSE OF STATE PUNISHMENT wrongdoer; misdeeds; deterrent; retribution; death penalty; corporal punishment; rehabilitate; reform; barbaric; law-abiding; humane; crime doesn't pay What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to _____ the offender, to correct the offender's moral attitudes and anti-social behaviour and to ______ him or her, which means to assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community. Punishment can also be seen as a ______ because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and prevents them from doing so. However, the third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society's desire for _______, which basically means revenge. In other words, don't we feel that a ______should suffer for his ______? The form of punishment should also be considered. On the one hand, some believe that we should “make the punishment fit the crime”. Those who steal from others should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that ___________. For those who attack others _____ should be used. Murderers should be subject to the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” and automatically receive the __________. On the other hand, it is said that such views are unreasonable, cruel and _______ and that we should show a more ______ attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, _______ life. Задание 18. Выберите соответствующие слова и сочетания для пробелов в тексте. From the History of Punishment victim; felons; offender; beheading; adultery; pillory; punishment; execution; deliberately; condemned; ancient; medieval; guilty; legal; public For the most history __________ has been both painful and _______ in order to act as deterrent to others. Physical punishments and public humiliations were social events and carried out in most accessible parts of towns, often on market days when the greater part of the population were present. Justice had to be seen to be done. One of the most bizarre methods of ______ was inflicted in ancient Rome on people found ______ of murdering their fathers. Their punishment was to be put in a sack with a rooster, a viper, and a dog, and then drowned along with the three animals. In ________ Greece the custom of allowing a _______ man to end his own life by poison was extended only to full citizens. The philosopher Socrates died in this way. Condemned slaves were beaten to death instead. Stoning was the ancient method of punishment for _________ among other crimes. In Turkey if a butcher was found guilty of selling bad meat, he was tied to a post with a piece of stinking meat fixed under his nose, or a baker having sold short weight bread could be nailed to his door by his ear. One of the most common punishments for petty offences was the _________, which stood in the main square of towns. The _________ was locked by hands and head into the device and made to stand sometimes for days, while crowds jeered and pelted the offender with rotten vegetables or worse. In _______ Europe some methods of execution were ______ drawn out to inflict maximum suffering. ______ were tied to a heavy wheel and rolled around the streets until they were crushed to death. Others were strangled, very slowly. One of the most terrible punishments was hanging and quartering. The ________ was hanged, beheaded and the body cut into four pieces. It remained a ________ method of punishment in Britain until 1814. __________ was normally reserved for those of high rank. In England ‘block and axe’ was the common method but this was different from France and Germany where the victim kneeled and the head was taken off with a swing of the sword. Задание 19. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «From the history of punishment”.
Задание 20. Прочитайте текст и напишите его аннотацию. The Miranda Warning "You have the right to remain silent; anything you say can be used against you....", these are the words of the Miranda warning which was created as a result of 1966 United States Supreme Court case, Miranda v. Arizona. It began when Ernesto Miranda was arrested at his home and taken into custody to the police station, where he was identified by a witness as the man who had kidnapped and raped a woman. Police officers took Mr. Miranda into an interrogation room and two hours later emerged with a written confession signed by Mr. Miranda that also stated that the confession was made voluntarily and with full knowledge of his legal rights. The officers, however, failed to advise Mr. Miranda that he had a right to have an attorney present. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the confession could not be used as evidence of Mr. Miranda's guilt because he was not fully advised on his legal rights, which included the right to have his attorney present. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. To ensure that other accused criminals are made aware of their constitutional rights, The Supreme Court ruled that a suspect who is taken into custody and interrogated must receive a warning of the following rights: the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has a right of the presence of an attorney, and that if he can not afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. The "Miranda warning" is now applied by law officers throughout the United States as a result of this ruling. Задание 21. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Early Juries A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit ju ry or trial jury. The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed similar methods of trial The jury is probably of Frankish origin, beginning with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory function. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066. In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for instance, a priest admonished the water not to accept a liar. The person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear. In 1215, however, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part. As a result, a new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged. At first the jury was made up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened only to “say the truth” on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. The word verdict reflects this early function; the Latin world from which it is derived, veredictum, means “truly said”. In the 14th century the role of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. It was not until centuries later that the jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court. I. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите.
II. Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям:
III. Ответьте на вопросы.
Задание 22. Из списка предложенных причин существования суда присяжных выберите три наиболее значимых. What are the purposes of the jury? Achieve fair and impartial justice Assess the evidence Bring closure to difficult cases/conflicts Determine guilt/liability or innocence Discover the truth Establish the facts of a case Fight corruption Give the people a voice in government Improve the efficiency of the legal system Increase the acceptance of verdicts by the community Make the legal system more predictable Preserve individual liberty Promote a sense of openness and fairness Protect the rights of the accused Provide a democratic check on government Quicken the legal process Save money in the legal system School for popular education in democratic principles Other ________________________________________________________ UNIT VII: LAW PROFESSIONS TEXT 1Задание 1. Прочитайте классификацию профессий так или иначе связанных с отправлением правосудия в Великобритании. Письменно переведите тексты.Types of Legal Professions in Great BritainSolicitorsThere are about 50,000 solicitors. Their number is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates’ court. In most cases the solicitor is able to deal with the question himself. If, however, the case, either civil or criminal, is more difficult and has to be heard in a higher court, then the solicitor engages a barrister to whom he hands over the task of representing the client in the court. The solicitor cannot plead in a higher court. BarristersThere are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court. The training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. A barrister in England must pass the legal examination and become a member of one of the four Inns of Court, special organizations of barristers. He must study there for twelve months. The Inns jointly conduct the bar examinations. After admission to the bar and a short period of apprenticeship, a barrister must practice on his own. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers is the title of QC (Queen’s Council). JudgesIn Britain, the vast majority of judges (that is, the people who decide what should be done with people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called “Magistrates”, or “Justices of the Peace”(JPs). They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have “sound common sense” and understand their fellow human beings. A small proportion of judges are not Magistrates. They are called “High Court Judges” and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal might be sent to prison for more than a year. High Court Judges, unlike Magistrates, are paid salaries by the State and have considerable legal training. Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody, not even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee tries to draw Magistrates from as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible. Jury (Jurors)A jury consist of twelve people (“jurors”), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listen to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases. CoronersCoroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths. Clerks of the CourtClerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom. BailiffsBailiffs help to keep the trial running smoothly. They also see to the jurors’ comfort and convenience and help them if they are having any problem related to the jury service. Задание 2. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Произнесите английские слова и сочетания.
Задание 3. Напишите по-русски 5-6 предложений со словами и сочетаниями из упр.2. Попросите друг друга перевести их на английский язык. Задание 4. Перечислите по-русски названия этих профессий, а также основные обязанности людей этих профессий.Задание 5. Будьте готовы ответить по-английски на дополнительные вопросы преподавателя.Задание 6. Прочитайте текст и напишите его аннотацию. Legal Profession in Russia. One of the most popular professions among the young people of our country is the profession of a lawyer. The profession of a lawyer is very interesting and diverse . Our country is a rule-of-law state, and a lawyer should play a very important role in this process. The profession of a lawyer is quite necessary for regulating social relations in the state. Training lawyers is the task of different higher schools. Graduates from higher schools have a lot of options to apply their knowledge. The choice is very wide. Lawyers with the same qualification and professional status may do very different kinds of work. The working conditions and pay among members of the legal profession also vary greatly. Our graduates can work at the Bar, in the organs of the Prosecutor’s Office, in different courts, in notary offices, legal advice offices, in organs of police as well as in different companies, banks and enterprises. They can work as advocates, judges, notaries, investigators, prosecutors, in-house lawyers, customs officers and other workers of law enforcement agencies. To be a good specialist a lawyer should know many laws and their proper application. So, would-be lawyers study many subjects important for their future work. They study theory of state and law, civil law, civil procedure, criminal law, criminal procedure, criminalistics, criminology and many others. Besides every lawyer must know human psychology because he\she will meet different people: children and adults; the sick and the healthy; the poor and the rich; educated and uneducated persons; people of different nationalities, languages and religions; victims, witnesses, suspects; first offenders and recidivists; prisoners and law-abiding citizens. Some lawyers may work as judges. Judges preside in the courtroom, conduct legal proceedings, resolve disputes and pass judgments. As an advocate, a lawyer acts for the client in court and out of court. The advocate’s work can include defending those accused of committing crime. A lawyer can work at the Prosecutor’s Office as a prosecutor or a prosecutor’s assistant. He\ she should supervise the correct application and observance of the law. He\ she can also be a notary at the notary office and should be able to perform notary actions such as checking the legality of all the documents before notarizing them. A lawyer can be appointed as an arbitrator at the Commercial court. He\ she should be able to settle disputes between legal persons. Nowadays there are many careers in law enforcement at Police and the Investigative Committee. The main task of law enforcement is to prevent, investigate and solve crimes. Some lawyers serve as in-house lawyers and work for companies and enterprises. They inform clients about legal matters, draft contracts and other documents, mediate and negotiate settlements. It follows that any lawyer deals with a variety of people and situations. That’s why the profession of a lawyer is very difficult and noble at the same time. |