Методичка по английскому. Двух семестров (одного учебного года)
 Скачать 0.71 Mb.
|
Задание 11. Выпишите в тетрадь следующие словосочетания. Прочитайте ещё раз текст и найдите русские эквиваленты этих словосочетаний. В случае необходимости воспользуйтесь англо-русским словарём юридических терминов:total area, the House of Representatives, to veto a bill, to impeach the President, to charge the President with a crime, to put the President on trial, to be a natural citizen of the USA, to be a civilian, to serve a term, to enforce laws, an associate justice, to obey laws, to be in agreement with the Constitution, Stars and Stripes, the current number of states. Задание 12. Найдите в тексте слова производные от следующих. Запишите их и укажите какими частями речи они являются: consist, represent, govern, senate, just, execute, unite, add, constitute, agree. Задание 13. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите. 1. the total area 2 the official language 3 the legislative branch of the Government 4 the Congress 5 the House of Representatives 6 the Senate, a senator 7 to pass the law 8 to charge smb. with a crime 9 to put smb. on a trial, to try smb. 10 the executive branch of the Government 11 to be a civilian 12 the Judicial branch of the Government 13 to enforce a law 14 a justice, an associate justice 15 to obey the laws 16 to be in agreement with 17 the President’s residence 18 a national flag 19 the original states 20 the current number of states Задание 14. Напишите по-русски 5-6 предложений со словами и сочетаниями из упр.4. Попросите друг друга перевести их. Задание 15. Ответьте письменно по-английски на вопросы.
Задание 16. а). Ещё раз просмотрите текст. Найдите в нём и зачитайте вслух часть предложения, предложение или группу предложений, в которых говорится о(б):американском Конгрессе, его палатах и о его основных задачах и полномочиях; о президенте США и его функциях; о судебной власти США. б). Расскажите об этом по-русски. Задание 17. Подготовьте и воспроизведите в парах диалог, основанный на содержании текста The US System of Government. Воспользуйтесь лексикой из текста.
Задание 18. Прочитайте текст и запишите ответы на вопросы, которые даны после текста. Checks and Balances The system of checks and balances is an important part of the Constitution. With checks and balances, each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful. Each branch “checks” the power of the other branches to make sure that the power is balanced between them. How does this system of checks and balances work? The process of how laws are made is a good example of checks and balances in action. First, the legislative branch introduces and votes on a bill. The bill then goes to the executive branch, where the President decides whether he thinks the bill is good for the country. If so, he signs the bill, and it becomes a law. If the President does not believe the bill is good for the country, he does not sign it. This is called a veto. But the legislative branch gets another chance. With enough votes, the legislative branch can override the executive branch's veto, and the bill becomes a law. Once a law is in place, the people of the country can test it through the court system, which is under the control of the judicial branch. If someone believes a law is unfair, a lawsuit can be filed. Lawyers then make arguments for and against the case, and a judge decides which side has presented the most convincing arguments. The side that loses can choose to appeal to a higher court, and may eventually reach the highest court of all, the Supreme Court. If the legislative branch does not agree with the way in which the judicial branch has interpreted the law, they can introduce a new piece of legislation, and the process starts all over again. 1. Why is the system of checks and balances an important part of the US Constitution? 2. How are laws made? 3. Who signs the bill? 4. When can the bill be vetoed? 5. Who are laws controlled and by whom? Задание 19. Прочитайте текст и передайте письменно его краткое содержание на русском языке. Did you know that Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was a tailor before he was President? Or that one of George Washington’s favorite foods was ice cream? These are just two of the interesting facts about past U.S. Presidents National Geographic Kids has collected. Many Presidents had unusual careers before entering the White House. Jimmy Carter, the 39th President, was a peanut farmer. Ronald Reagan, the 40th President, was a movie actor. And Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President, once worked chopping rails for fences. According to John Riley of the White House Historical Association, Harry Truman was a haberdasher. A haberdasher is someone who deals in men’s clothing and accessories, particularly hats. Once in the White House, each President made his mark in different ways. In fact, before Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, came to office, the White House wasn’t even called the White House! People called the building the President’s Palace, President’s House, and the Executive Mansion. Roosevelt officially named it the White House in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt wasn’t the only President to invent a new expression. Martin Van Buren, the eighth President, is sometimes credited with creating the word “OK.” Van Buren was from Kinderhook, New York. During his campaign, Old Kinderhook (O.K.) clubs formed to support the President. Later, “OK” or “okay,” came to mean “all right.” There have been many other interesting presidential firsts. James Polk, the 11th President, was the first President to have his photograph taken. Theodore Roosevelt was the first President to ride in a car while in office. His fifth cousin and the 32nd President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was the first to ride in an airplane. What will be the next big presidential first? First to ride in a spaceship? Задание 20. Напишите вопросы к тексту «The System of Russian government». Задайте их друг другу. State power in Russia is exercised on the basis of its separation by the President of the Russian Federation, the bicameral Federal Assembly (legislature), the Government, and the courts. The system of government is similar to the mixed presidential and parliamentary regime. The President who is elected by general election for a term of four years is the Head of State, his powers are quite expansive. He appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and members of the Government, dismisses the Government and dissolves the legislature, and nominates federal judges, justices of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts, Chairman of the central bank, and the Prosecutor General. Being the head of the executive branch, the President may preside over meetings of the Government; however, unlike the American President, he is not considered to be the head of the Government. In legislative area, presidential powers include the right of initiating, signing, promulgating, and vetoing legislation. The legal status of Government corresponds to the Western cabinet structure. The legislature – the Federal Assembly – is a permanently working body and consists of two separate chambers, the State Duma and the Federation Council, which have different powers and responsibilities. The Federation Council consists of two representatives from each constituent component of the Russian Federation. This chamber is obligated to examine all bills passed by the State Duma on budgetary, tax, and other fiscal issues, as well as issues dealing with war and peace, and with treaty ratification. The Federation Council’s jurisdiction includes the approval of border changes between the components, approval of presidential decrees on introduction of the state of emergency and martial law, usage of the Armed Forces beyond Russia’s territory, call for presidential elections, and removing the president from office by impeachment. The State Duma is the lower chamber, and its main duty is to pass laws, which are then sent to the Federation Council for confirmation. The State Duma consists of 450 members elected by party lists through a proportional electoral system. The judiciary consists of three independent parts: regionally based federal courts of general jurisdiction, courts of arbitration assigned to the resolution of economic disputes, and the Constitutional Court with the right of judicial review. The institution of justices of peace was introduced for the resolution of small claims at the local level. UNIT IV: INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSЗадание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.International Organizations The 20th century is characterized by the creation of international organizations. There are more than 2500 of them. The most notable, of course, is the United Nations (UN). A special agency of the UN is UNESCO. It was founded in 1946 and promotes international collaboration in education, science and culture. There is also an agency designed to further international cooperation in health sphere. It is the World Health Organization (WHO). Another medical organization is the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The Red Cross movement began in 1863. Its peacetime activities include first aid, accidents prevention, water safety, training of nurses’ aids and mothers’ assistants and so on. And, of course, there is Greenpeace, an international nongovernmental organization. Its main aim is to preserve different species of animals, prevent environmental abuses and take care of wildlife. Today it is a global organization which has offices in 27 countries, Russia including. There are also youth organizations, because the main aim of society is to fit young people for adult life, to help teenagers to develop into worthy people. Among the well-known organizations are Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts or Guides. The Boy Scout movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908; in 1910 the Girl Scout movement was also founded in that country. Задание 2.Теперь прочитайте его вслух с правильным смысловым ударением и паузами.Памятка 5. Обычно в английском языке, как и в русском, все значимые слова ударные, поэтому при произношении после них можно сделать небольшие паузы. Перед началом нового предложения пауза - более длинная. Например: The 20th 'century is 'characterized by the cre'ation of inter'national organi\zations. Запомните, что последнее слово повествовательного предложения, как правило, произносится с понижающей интонацией (\), которая обозначает уверенность говорящего и законченность мысли. Последнее слово вопросительного предложения, а также последнее слово главного или придаточного предложения, а также при перечислении слова обычно произносятся с повышающей интонацией, обозначающей неуверенность или незавершённость (/). Например: Among the 'well-known organi'zations are /Boy Scouts, /Girl Scouts or \Guides. Логическое ударение может иметь любое слово в предложении. В этом случае оно выделяется голосом сильнее других. Today it is a 'global organi/.zation which has 'offices in 27 /countries, 'Russia inc\ luding. Задание 3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту. Будьте готовы ответить на них устно на занятии. Помните об интонации и паузах.
Задание 4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Особое внимание обратите на подчёркнутые словосочетания, состоящие из групп существительных. Воспользуётесь памяткой 6.Памятка 6 В группе из нескольких существительных как правило крайнее справа слово является определяемым словом, а стоящие перед ним – определениями к нему. Например: World War – war (война)– главное, определяемое слово в этой группе, а world – определяющее, конкретизирующее значение слова “war”, т.е. отвечающее на вопрос «какая?» - «мировая». Таким образом, одно из английским существительных при переводе на русский язык так и осталось существительным, а другое приобрело статус прилагательного The Foundation of the United NationsThe foundation of the United Nations (UN) was laid in Washington, USA, August 21 – September 28, 1944, when World War II was coming to its final stage. The UN appeared as a result of the victory of the anti – Hitler coalition in World War II. The emergence of the UN as an international organization expressed the will of the peoples to prevent another war.55 states signed the Charter of the UN in San Francisco on June 26, 1945. Then five great powers – the USSR, the USA, the United Kingdom, France, China and the majority of other founder – states ratified it and on October 24, 1945 the Charter came into force. The main democratic principles of the international relations – the principles of equality, sovereignty and self – determination of peoples – became the basis of the UN Charter. The General Assembly is the main body of the UN. It is composed of representatives of all member nations. Each nation may send not more than five representatives to each session. Each nation is entitled to one vote. The General Assembly meets in regular sessions and in special sessions when necessary. The Secretary – General convokes special sessions at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the members of the UN. A new member is admitted in the General Assembly on the Security Council’s recommendation. Any matter within the scope of the Charter may be brought before the General Assembly: matters on maintenance of international peace and security, election of non – permanent members of the Security Council, election of members of the Economic and Social Council, election of members of the UN that must designate the members of the Trusteeship Council, admission of members to the UN, suspension and expulsion of members, trusteeship questions and budgetary matters. Today the UN has more than a hundred and fifty members. The Security Council consists of 15 members, 5 with permanent seats. The remaining 10 are elected for 2-year terms by the General Assembly. Permanent members of the Security Council are: China, France, the USSR (Russia nowadays), the United Kingdom and the USA. The Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and members have to carry out its decisions. The Council may investigate any dispute that threatens international peace and security. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an affirmative vote of nine members. On all other matters the affirmative vote of 9 members must include the concurring votes of all permanent members: it is this clause which gives rise to the so-called “veto”. Задание 5. Найдите английские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите.
Задание 6. Напишите по-русски 5-6 предложений со словами и сочетаниями из упр.2. Попросите друг друга перевести их на английский язык. Задание 7. Переведите русские части предложений на английский язык. Запишите полные предложения. 1. (Организация Объединённых Наций) was founded in 1944. 2. (Постоянные члены) of the organization have the right to (голосовать). 3. (Спорные вопросы) are (рассматриваются) at (регулярных сессиях.) 4. Do you know who the (Генеральный Секретарь ООН) is? 5. (Большинство) of the students passed tests and exams successfully. 6. (Появление ) of new types of weapons of mass destruction (угрожает миру и безопасности). 7. Two presidents (подписали) the document. 8. In 1941 we couldn’t (предотвратить ) the war. 9.) The dean’s (главная обязанность) is to properly arrange the studies process at the faculty. 10) Our country tries to maintain peaceful and friendly (международные отношения) with all countries. 11. It was hard (принять решение). 12. (Совет Безопасности) is the committee which governs the United Nations. Задание 8. Переведите предложения на английский язык. 1. Никто не имеет права решать этот вопрос кроме Генеральной ассамблеи. 2. Один закон вступил в силу в прошлом месяце, другой вступит в силу через две недели. 3. Ни один народ в мире не хочет третьей мировой войны. 4. Только два вопроса были представлены на рассмотрение комиссии: один – по рекомендации деканата, другой – по просьбе большинства студентов. 5. Вы можете сделать что-нибудь, чтобы предотвратить это? 6. Очень мало сокурсников поддерживают с ним отношения. 7. Только несколько человек были приняты в это общество. 8. Его включили в список постоянных членов совета. 9. Никто не проголосовал против него. Задание 9 . Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту. Будьте готовы ответить на них устно на занятии. Помните об интонации и паузах.
Задание 10. Прочитайте текст о международных организациях и передайте письменно его краткое содержание на русском языке. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations created to contribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in education, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilitative; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearing-house and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris. World Health Organisation (WHO) WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations established to promote international co-operation for improved health conditions. The objective of this organisation is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health which is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The administrative headquarters of WHO are in Geneva. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) IMO is a United Nations specialised agency created to provide machinery for co-operation in establishing technical regulations and practices in international shipping, to encourage the adoption of the highest possible standards for maritime safety and for navigation, and to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns. The headquarters of IMO are in London. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) ICAO is an intergovernmental specialised agency associated with the United Nations and dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. Permanent headquarters of ICAO were established in Montreal. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) NATO is a security organisation comprised of member states from Western and Central Europe and North America. From the beginning, NATO’s primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies’ military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an effort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels. Organisation of American States (OAS) OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural co-operation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its main goals are to prevent any outside state’s intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D.C. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exercise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A permanent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia. Задание 11. Найдите информацию о международной организации(любой, не представленной в тексте) . Подготовьте о ней устное сообщение на английском языке на 5 минут. UNIT V: LAW SYSTEMS (LEGAL SYSTEMS)Задание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Особое внимание обратите на так называемые «фразовые глаголы» (глаголы с послелогами). Ознакомьтесь с памяткой.Памятка 7 Прежде всего, нужно определить с чем вы имеете дело: с обычным глаголом и следующим за ним существительным с предлогом – наречием (He came intothe room) или глаголом и относящимся к нему так называемым послелогом (такие глаголы часто называют фразовыми, потому, что они вместе с послелогом образуют словосочетание - фразу). Очень часто один и тот же глагол может употребляться с разными предлогами - послелогами, которые зачастую изменяют значения всей глагольной фразы (I havebeenlookingfor you since morning.- Я ищу тебя с утра. I’llcallon you tomorrow. – Я зайду к тебе завтра.}. Кроме того, за глаголом могут следовать два предлога – послелога (Let me helpyou offwith the jacket. – Позвольте я помогу вам снять пиджак). Обратите внимание, что предлоги – послелоги не обязательно стоят сразу после глаголов(They put Mark Taylor up for secretary – Они предложили назначить на должность секретаря Марка Тейлора). Запомните, что при произношении послелоги читаются слитно с предшествующим глаголом: drawn up in about… The Birth of Law I. Rules and laws – and the conventions or customs from which they are descended – have been a part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. II. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur – Nammu, a king of Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, and with the penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves. One of the most detailed ancient codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was caved into a great stone pillar, which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen. The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi’s words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris. The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered the crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and prices of goods. Punishments under the code were often harsh. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow. Nevertheless, Hammurabi’s laws represented an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be forfeit for an eye. The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So a lower – ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position – though he would also be awarded less if he won. Задание 2. Найдите эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите.
Задание 3. Составьте по-русски 5-6 предложений со словами и сочетаниями задания 2. Попросите друг друга перевести их на английский язык. Задание 4. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
Задание 5. Составьте письменный план текста по-английски. Он поможет вам увидеть главное и второстепенное в тексте. Ваш план должен иметь следующий вид. «Место для заголовка» I. ______________________________ II.______________________________ 1). _____________________ 2). _____________________ а).___________ б). ___________ в). ___________ Для этого: а). Запишите заглавия смысловых частей в форме назывных предложений. Напр.: Two types of legal documents. (Текст уже разделён на две части. Они отмечены римскими цифрами I и II.).б). Определите две подтемы, раскрывающие основную тему второй части (это арабские цифры 1) и 2). Запишите их в виде назывных предложений.в). Выберите из второй подтемы три главные детали, озаглавьте их и запишите под буквами а), б), в).Задание 6. Придумайте заголовок для текста. Запишите его над планом.Задание 7. Теперь попробуйте « развернуть» ваш план и в соответствии с ним кратко расскажите о том, что вы узнали из текста по-английски. Прочитайте сначала памятку.Памятка 8. Старайтесь не воспроизводить при рассказе все предложения текста целиком. Для этого вам придётся их учить наизусть. 1. Сначала вспомните по-русски о том, что вы узнали из текста. 2. Для каждого пункта плана выпишите ключевые слова и словосочетания; составьте и запишите небольшие предложения, которые раскрывают основную мысль этой части текста. Такие предложения удобно будет произносить. Кроме того, если вы составите их сами, они лучше запомнятся. Например: I. Rules and laws; are descended; conventions and customs; ancestors; settled groups; before the invention of writing. Rules and laws are descended from conventions and customs. They appeared when our ancestors began to live in settled groups. But we learned about them only after the invention of writing. 3. Прочитайте их вслух, а затем несколько раз «расскажите» их. Задание 8. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.Scholars have classified the legal systems of the west into two main types, the so-called common law system and the so-called civil law1 system. The common law system is derived from the law of England and prevails in Great Britain (except Scotland), the United States of America (except the state of Louisiana), Canada (except the province of Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Philippines, India, Israel, Egypt and other countries, which have been subject to English influence. The civil system is derived, in part, from Roman law and prevails in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, some other countries of Continental Europe (but not the Scandinavian countries) and in some non-European countries – notably Japan, Turkey, and the countries of Latin America. The main distinctions between the two types of legal systems lie in differences regarding the kinds of authoritative materials on which court decisions are based. In “common law” countries judicial opinions are a primary source of law. And prior judicial decisions are binding precedents in subsequent cases. In “civil law” countries, on the other hand, the primary source of law is legislation and courts are bound not by precedents but by provisions of comprehensive codes of criminal law, civil law and procedure. Such codes do not generally exist in “common law” countries. Statutory law is also an important part of the common law system, but it usually consists of a large body of separate enactments. Each enactment deals with some particular type of problem. The codes, on the other hand, are unified bodies of statutory law, which are systematic, comprehensive, and internally consistent. There is also a distinction between methods of judicial reasoning in these two systems. In “common law” countries the starting point for judicial reasoning lies in past decisions. In “civil law” countries, on the other hand, the starting point for judicial reasoning is said to lie in principles and concepts laid down in the codes - or in statutes.  1 civil law (зд.) - римское право Задание 9. Выпишите отдельно подчёркнутые слова юридической тематики и определите их значения. Задание 10. Озаглавьте текст.3адание 11. Составьте самостоятельно письменный план текста, а потом перескажите его по этому плану.Задание 12. Ознакомьтесь на стр. http://chartsbin.com/view/aq2 с картой правовых систем, используемых на разных континентах и в разных государствах. Составьте свою небольшую таблицу, обобщив информацию. Задание 13. Прочитайте текст. The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop a concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people. In the seventh century B.C., Draco* drew up Greece’s first written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offenses. Thus, the term draconian usually applies to extremely harsh measures. Several decades passed before Solon – poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens’ lawgiver – devised a new code of laws. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debt ors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions. What the Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concept of “natural law”. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had a profound effect on the modern world. *Draco – [‘dreikou] – Драконт (т.ж. Трахонт), афинский законодатель Задание 14. Ответьте письменно на вопросы. 1. What does the ancient Greek concept of law comprise? 2. Why were the first laws mainly attributed to divine powers? 3. What is the origin and the meaning of the word “draconian”? 4. How do you understand the concept of “natural law”? 5. What was Solon’s contribution to ancient law? Задание 15. Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на вопросы . Magna Carta At the heart of the English system are two principles of government - limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*, or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers. ____________ *Magna Carta - Великая Хартия Вольностей **King John - Иоанн Безземельный, английский король (1199-1216)
Задание 16. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. The Historical Development of the Doctrine of Precedent If we go back to the early history of modern English law, we find that by the end of the 12th century, virtually as soon as records of court proceedings were kept, there developed an interest in judicial decisions as guides to what the law is. Bracton in his treaties on English law, which were written in the middle of the 13th century, referred to about 500 decided cases; he also wrote a Notebook that contained digests of 2000 cases. The word “precedent”, however, is entirely absent from Bracton’s vocabulary; cases for him and his contemporaries were not binding authorities but merely illustration of legal principles. In the 14th, 15th and early 16th centuries law students kept notes of oral arguments in court cases. These notes were preserved in the so-called Yearbooks and showed that not only the students but also the courts were concerned with analogizing and distinguishing cases. Again, however, the decisions were not treated as authorities in any sense, and if a judge did not approve of a decision he would just say it was wrong. In the 16th and 17th centuries we get the first systematic reports of cases and the first mention of precedent. Judges then began to say that they are bound by precedents in matters of procedure, and especially in matters of pleading, and the practice of citing previous cases became firmly established. It is interesting to note, however, that the word precedent was first used in 1557 and it was stated that a decision was given “notwithstanding two precedents”. Задание 17. Найдите русские эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний из текста. Запишите их в тетрадь . Английские слова и сочетания произнесите. 1 court proceeding(s) 2 digest 3 approve of 4 report (n)r 5 pleading; plead guilty 6 cite (v) 7 establish 8 be concerned with 9 record (n) 10 guide (n,v) 11 mention 12 treat – treatment 13 distinguish 14 argue – argument
Задание 18. Задайте по прочитанному тексту вопросы друг другу. UNIT VI: crime and punishment Задание 1. Изучите таблицу. Подберите русские эквиваленты для названий преступников и правонарушителей ( 1 колонка), названий преступлений, совершаемых ими (3 колонка. Переведите информацию из 2 колонки, в которой даются определения названий преступников и правонарушителей. |
hen