Английский. пособие Химики АЯ. Introduction
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9. In pairs, discuss the following questions. What field of science are you currently studying in? Have you chosen the right type of engineering? What are duties and responsibilities, skills and qualities, qualifications of a chemical engineer? 10. Prepare a short presentation on the topic: ‘The opportunities for chemists in today’s economy’. Use the information from the text and any ideas of your own. Text 2 Active Vocabulary biotechnology (n) – биотехнология derivative (n) – дериват, производное modify (v) – изменять bioleaching (n) – биовыщелачивание recycle (v) – повторно использовать treat waste (phr) – подвергать (технологической) обработке, обрабатывать отходы alter (v) – видоизменять, вносить изменения, переделывать transgenic (adj) – трансгенный cure (v) – излечивать, исцелять environmental conditions (phr) – условия окружающей среды environmentally friendly solutions (phr) – экологически чистые растворы 1. In pairs, discuss the term biotechnology. Give some examples of biotechnology you are familiar with. 2 (a). Read the first two paragraphs of the text and say what biotechnology is? 2 (b). Read the whole text and fill in the sentences (A–G) which best fit each paragraph (1–6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. B  iotechnologyBiotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine Of the many different definitions available, the one formulated by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity is one of the broadest: Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. One section of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer, milk-products, and skin). 1) □ Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and produce biological weapons. There are also applications of biotechnology that do not use living organisms. Examples are DNA microarrays used in genetics and radioactive tracers used in medicine. Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances like insulin or antibiotics. 2) □ Genetically altered Mammalian cells are also widely used to manufacture pharmaceuticals. Another promising new biotechnology application is the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals. 3) □ Rather, the term describes start-up companies especially in medical discovery that are characterised by many years of financial losses as they put experimental drugs through clinical trials. There are number of jargon terms for sub-fields of biotech. Red biotechnology is biotechnology applied to medical processes. 4) □ White biotechnology, also known as grey biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example would include an organism designed to produce a useful chemical. 5) □ Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would include an organism designed to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. 6) □ An example of this would include a plant engineered to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. A Green biotechnology tends to produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. B An example would include an organism designed to produce an antibiotic, or engineering genetic cures to diseases through genomic manipulation. C Naturally present bacteria are utilized by the mining industry in bioleaching. D Curiously, "biotechnology companies" need not employ "biotechnology" as it is defined by scientists or the UN. E White biotechnology tends to consume less resources that traditional processes when used to produce industrial goods. F It can also refer to transgenic animals or transgenic plants, such as Bt corn. G Among the major fields of science and technology, biotechnology is to receive special attention. 3. In pairs, answer the questions. What is biotechnology? What sciences is it based on? What is the role of chemistry in the development of biotechnology? How can biotechnology be applied? Can you explain the terms ‘white biotechnology’, ‘red biotechnology’, ‘green biotechnology’, ‘blue biotechnology’? How have biotechnological advances affected our life? 4 (a). Give Russian equivalents for the following English words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) be based on; 2) food science; 3) definitions available; 4) products or processes for specific use; 5) manufacture of organic products; 6) naturally present bacteria; 7) be utilized; 8) clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities; 9) radioactive tracers; 10) be often associated with; 11) use of genetically altered microorganisms; 12) manufacture pharmaceuticals; 13) start-up companies; 14) clinical trials; 15) genomic manipulation; 16) consume less resources; 17) the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals; 18) green biotechnology; 19) white biotechnology. 4 (b). Give English equivalents for the following Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) технологическое применение, использование; 2) определение; 3) раздел; 4) используемый; 5) горнодобывающая промышленность; 6) биологическая очистка; 7) биологическое оружие; 8) многообещающий; 9) описывать; 10) финансовый убыток, денежные потери; 11) белая биотехнология; 12) стремиться; 13) разработанный; 14) ликвидировать, аннулировать; 15) морской; 16) относительно, сравнительно. 5. Identify the words, each dash stands for one letter only. Translate these words and make up your own sentences with them.
6. Fill in the appropriate word from the list below into the text and then translate the sentences into Russian: origins, producing, techniques, biotechnology, manufacture, possibility, engineering. Biotechnology is the application to industry of advances made in the techniques and instruments of research in the biological sciences. The growth of the field of ____1) is closely linked to the development in the 1970s of genetic engineering (the directed alteration of genetic material). Substances that have been produced in this manner include human interferon (a natural virus-fighting substance), human insulin, and human growth hormone. The ____2) of genetic engineering–splicing, transplantation, and chemical replantation of repressed, nonfunctional genes–also offer the ____3) that a number of heredity disorders may be “corrected” by manipulation. Recombinant-DNA techniques in conjunction with the development of a technique for ____4) monoclonal antibodies (antibodies produced by single clones of antibody-producing cells) have made an evident impact on medical diagnosis and oncology. Another important use of genetic ____5) is the production of bacteria used to biodegrade oil spills and toxic wastes. Biotechnology had its ____6) in a 1980 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that “a live human-made microorganism is patentable matter.” This ruling resulted in the establishment of a number of commercial firms–among them Genentech, Biogen, New England BioLabs, Cetus, and Genex–that ____7) quantities of gene-engineered substances for a variety of mostly medical and ecological uses. 7. Give English translation for: В традиционном понимании биотехнология – это наука о методах и технологиях производства различных ценных веществ и продуктов с использованием природных биологических объектов (микроорганизмов, растительных и животных клеток), частей клеток (клеточных мембран, рибосом, митохондрий, хлоропластов) и процессов. Корни биотехнологии уходят в далёкое прошлое и связаны с хлебопечением, виноделием и другими способами приготовления пищи, известными человеку еще в древности. Наукой биотехнология стала благодаря исследованиям и работам французского ученого, основоположника современной микробиологии и иммунологии, Луи Пастера (1822–1895). В ХХ веке происходило бурное развитие молекулярной биологии и генетики с применением достижений химии и физики. В 70-е годы появились и активно развивались такие важнейшие области биотехнологии, как генетическая (или генная) и клеточная инженерия, положившие начало «новой» биотехнологии, в отличие от «старой» биотехнологии, основанной на традиционных микробиологических процессах. Особенностью развития биотехнологии в XXI веке является не только ее бурный рост как прикладной науки, она все более широко входит в повседневную жизнь человека, и что еще более существенно – обеспечивая исключительные возможности для эффективного (интенсивного, а не экстенсивного) развития практически всех отраслей экономики, становится необходимым условием устойчивого развития общества. Широкое проникновение биотехнологий в экономику мирового хозяйства нашло свое отражение и в том, что сформировались даже новые термины для обозначения глобальности данного процесса. Так, применение биотехнологических методов в промышленном производстве, стали называть «белая биотехнология», в фармацевтическом производстве и медицине – «красная биотехнология», в сельскохозяйственном производстве и животноводстве – «зеленая биотехнология», а для искусственного выращивания и дальнейшей переработки водных организмов (аквакультура или марикультура) – «синяя биотехнология». А экономика, интегрирующая все эти инновационные области, получила название «биоэкономика». Задача перехода от традиционной экономики к экономике нового типа – биоэкономике, основанной на инновациях и широко использующей возможности биотехнологии в различных отраслях производства, а также в повседневной жизни человека, уже объявлена стратегической целью во многих странах мира. 8. In pairs, discuss the following questions. What is technology? What is science? What is the difference between science and technology? What are some of the greatest technological achievements? Do you think people rely on technology too much these days? What are the advantages of biotechnology? What are the disadvantages of biotechnology? 9. Prepare a presentation: ‘Interesting facts about biotechnology’. Use the information of specialized reference books, encyclopedias, web sites. 10. Write an article for an academic journal on the topic: ‘Has biotechnology improved human life or made it worse?’. It should be between 200–250 words. Text 3 Active Vocabulary polymers (n) – полимеры common name (phr) – общепринятое название plastic (n) – пластик, пластмасса manmade (adj) – искусственный melt (v) – плавить, растапливать, растворять heat (v) – нагревать mould (v) – отливать форму, формовать transparent (adj) – прозрачный cooling (n) – охлаждение thermoset (n) – отверждаемая пластмасса, отверждаемый материал elastomer (n) – каучукоподобный полимер diverse (adj) – разнообразный, разный 1. Read the sentences: He wore a smart suit to the meeting. She’s the smartest girl in her class. They stayed in a smart hotel in New York. What does smart mean in each sentence? What smart materials do you know? What are their properties? What are smart materials used for? 2. Circle the correct words to complete the text. A lot of rubber is made of latex, a (1) natural/ synthetic polymer which comes from rubber tree. However, not all rubber comes from trees. Synthetic rubber is a (2) manmade/ natural polymer with similar properties to latex. Plastics are also polymers. Like rubber, they consist of long chains of (3) atoms/ molecules which form extremely large (4) atoms/ molecules. 3. Read the title of the text and say what you think the text is about. Then, answer the question: What is a polymer or a plastic? Read the text and check your answers. Natural and Synthetic Polymers With names such as polytetrafluoroethyline and polyethyleneteraphthalate, it’s not surprising that polymers are usually called by their common name, plastic. But what, exactly, is a polymer or a plastic? Polymers are compounds made up of several elements that are chemically bound. 0) D For example, a water molecule – H2O – contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. 1) □ Rubber, thanks to its many uses from rubber bands to car tyres, is one of the best known polymers. 2) □ Rubber is therefore a natural polymer. However, most of the polymers used in industry are not natural, but synthetic. The term ‘plastic’ is generally used to refer to synthetic polymers – in other words, those that are manmade. Synthetic polymers can be divided into two main categories: Thermoplastics can be melted by heat, and formed in shaped containers called moulds. 3) □ A thermoplastic is a type of plastic that can be heated and moulded numerous times. Examples of thermoplastics that are common in engineering include: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) – stiff and light, used in vehicle bodywork polycarbonate – used to make strong, transparent panels and vehicle lights PVC (polyvinylchloride) – a cheaper plastic used for window frames and pipes. Thermosetting plastics, also called thermosets, can be heated and moulded like thermoplastics. 4) □ However, during cooling or mixing, a chemical reaction occurs, causing thermosets to cure. 5) □ If a thermoset is heated after curing, it will burn. Examples of thermosets used in engineering are: epoxy resins – used in very strong adhesives polyimides – strong and flexible, used as insulators in some electric cables. Two more categories of polymer are engineering plastics and elastomers. 6) □ Elastomers are very elastic polymers which can be stretched by force to at least twice their original length, and can then return to their original length when the force is removed 4. Read the text again and choose from sentences, A–H, the one that best fits each gap 1–6 to complete the text. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. A This means they set permanently, and cannot be moulded again. B It comes from latex, a natural liquid which comes from rubber trees. C After the liquid plastic has cooled, it sets to form a solid material. D Most compounds consist of large numbers of tiny molecules, which each contain just a few atoms. E They may also be mixed from cold ingredients. F But the molecules of polymers contain huge numbers of atoms, joined together in long chains. G Engineering plastics are mostly thermoplastics that are especially strong, such as ABS and polycarbonate. H The term polymer covers a large, diverse group of molecules, including substances from proteins to high-strength kevlar fibres. 5. Combine two corresponding sentence parts. Describe the properties of polymers.
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