Английский для нефтяников. Практическое занятие 1 Global Giant Практическое занятие 2 Presenting Company
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Task 5. Read and translate the following passage: Задание 5. Прочитайте и переведите следующий отрывок: Principles of seismology Seismology is based on the mathematical principles of acoustics. A sound wave is emitted through a rock formation. When it reaches a particular boundary in the formation, it is reflected, and the total time it takes to reach the receiver is measured. This is called its travel time. The amplitude of the seismic echo off the top of a surface depends primarily on the contrast in acoustic impedance (sound velocity multiplied by density) between the upper and lower rock layers that form the surface. The greater the contrast, the larger the reflection. The percentage of seismic energy reflected is called the reflection coefficient. Typical sedimentary layers have a reflection coefficient of between 2 and 4%. Gas has a very slow velocity and, if the layer is overlain by a seal, the acoustic impedance contrast will produce an echo of about 16% of the seismic energy, called a bright spot. This is often an indicator of the presence of hydrocarbons. Another type of direct hydrocarbon indicator is a flat spot, which is a level, flat seismic reflector in a petroleum trap produced by rock layers that are not flat, such as an anticline. Task 6. The following sentences contain a number of factual mistakes. Amend or rewrite the sentences in the spaces provided so that they make sense: Задание 6. Следующие предложения содержат смысловые ошибки. Исправьте и перепишите предложения так, чтобы они имели смысл: 1) The greater the impedance of the formation, the shorter the travel time of the sound wave. 2) Acoustic impedance is calculated by dividing sound velocity by density. 3) The smaller the contrast in acoustic impedance, the greater the reflection. 4) Typical sedimentary layers normally have a very high reflection coefficient. 5) Gas increases the velocity of sound passing through it. 6) It is easier to tell the difference between oil and rock than between gas and rock. 7) A bright spot is where the contrast in impedance is very low. 8) A flat spot shows a petroleum trap in a flat layer of rock. Task 7. Speak on seismic exploration. Задание 7. Расскажите о сейсморазведке на английском языке. Практическое занятие 22 Mud Logging Анализ проб бурового раствора mud loggin g анализ проб бурового раствора well log каротажная диаграмма rate of penetration механическая скорость бурения lithology литология chromotograph хроматограф plotting нанесение данных на карту или график pixler ratios показатель, коэффициент instrumentation контрольно-измерительная аппаратура submit представлять lag интервал, время cased-hole logging каротаж в обсаженном стволе скважины openhole logging каротаж необсаженной скважины core батолит, буровая колонка rock sample образец горной породы sonde зонд wireline well log каротаж с применением талевого каната Task 1. Read and translate the text: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Mud log diagram The ROP (rate of penetration) is represented by the black line on the left side of the log. The further to the left the line goes, the faster the rate of penetration. On this mud log, ROP is measured in feet per hour, but on some older, hand-drawn mud logs, it is measured in minutes per foot. Faster rates are an indication of softer rock formations. The porosity is represented by the blue line furthest to the left of the log. It indicates the pore space within the rock structure. Notice how far to the left the porosity goes where all the sand (in yellow) is. This indicates that the sand has good porosity. Porosity is not a direct or physical measurement of the pore space, but rather an extrapolation from other drilling parameters and therefore not always reliable. The lithology is represented by the cyan, grey/black and yellow blocks of color. Grey/black = shale and yellow = sand. More yellow represents more sand identified at that depth. The lithology is measured as a percentage of the total sample, as visually inspected under a microscope. These are only a fraction of the different types of formations that might be encountered. The gas is represented by the green line and is measured in units of ppm (parts per million) such as the quantity of total gas, but does not represent the actual quantity of oil or gas the reservoir contains. The squared-off dash-dot lines just to the right of the sand (in yellow) and left of the gas (in green) represents the heavy hydrocarbons detected. Task 2. Read the extract from a mud logging company's website promoting their Data Acquisition System. Underline the key elements of the digital recording service described on the website: Задание 2. Прочитайте информацию о новой системе сбора данных, предложенную на сайте компании, которая занимается анализом проб бурового раствора. Подчеркнитеключевыеэлементыцифровойобработкиданных: Alternative systems We have developed one of the most dependable and accurate Computer Data Acquisition Systems in the industry. Depth, Rate of Penetration, Total Gas and Chromatograph component gases are all read and plotted by the computer. Plotting of component gases by the computer is a revolutionary development that gives an accurate depiction of Show zone character and provides a tremendous database to utilize Pixler Ratios to evaluate re wellbore. For further information the DAS, visit http://www.pmles.com/live-well-data-247 Task 3. Here are two extracts from a company website advertising their mud logging services. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box: Задание 2. Прочитайте рекламу услуг компании по анализу проб бурового раствора. Заполните пропуски словами, данными в рамочке:
Two Technician Mud Logging Service With this service, we provide the following:
Remote Service Mud Logging This service:
Task 4. Use your knowledge and the information available in this unit to match the word or phrase to the correct definition. GiveRussianequivalents: Задание 4. Сопоставьте следующие слова и словосочетания с определениями, используя свои знания и материал урока. Дайтерусскиеэквиваленты: a) cased-hole logging, b) core, c) depth strip, d) lithologic log, e) openhole logging, f) rock sample, g) sidewall coring, j) sonde, k) wireline well log. 1. A physical description of the rocks through which the well is drilled. 2. A vertical scale of depth in the well. 3. A collection of cuttings which are examined for evidence of hydrocarbons. 4. A cylinder of rock drilled from the formation with special equipment. 5. An operation to take cuttings from a specific area of drilling, sometimes using explosive charges fired into the wall of the well. 6. Information gained by using an electric tool lowered into the well on a cable. 7. An electric tool used in wireline well logging. 8. Logging while the walls of the well are still bare. 9. Logging in wells in which casing has been cemented into the well. Task 5. Underline the verbs which describe logging activities: Задание 5. Подчеркните глаголы, которые описывают каротаж:
Практическое занятие 23 Wireline Well Logging Каротаж скважины с применением талевого каната wireline вспомогательный канат, талевый канат armoured cable армированный кабель expandable arms распорки, кронштейн распорной колонки bow-spring дугообразная пружина kick вибрация бурового кабеля resistivity удельное сопротивление spontaneous potential естественный потенциал conductivity проницаемость, проводимость induction log диаграмма индукционного каротажа gamma ray гамма-луч neutron нейтрон formation density плотность пласта caliper кавернометр, нутромер magnetometer магнитометр Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы: At various stages during drilling, the drillstring is raised from the hole and a sonde containing a number of different logging tools is lowered to the bottom. The sonde is attached to armoured cable and is reeled back up at a steady speed, transmitting data to the loggers on the surface. The sonde makes contact with the well sides as it ascends, by means of expandable arms or bow-springs, which also act as transmitters for the electrical, acoustic or radioactive properties being examined in the formation. The information is recorded in different tracks on the log, alongside the depth strip. Zones of interest are shown by kicks when the measurement moves from one side to the other. 1. What exactly is a sonde? 2. How does it work? Task 2. Read and translate the text: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст: |