Английский для нефтяников. Практическое занятие 1 Global Giant Практическое занятие 2 Presenting Company
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Task 5. Read the passage below and make notes on the use of each of the following methods of oil and gas measurement during storage and transfer on the surface: Задание 5. Прочитайте текст и сделайте заметки о каждом способе измерения нефти и газа во время хранения и подачи на поверхность:
Once the oil has been separated, it goes through a flowline to the stock tanks for storage, ready for transportation to the refinery by truck, tanker or pipeline. A battery of stock tanks holds a minimum of four days' production. A gauger measures the amount of oil in the stock tanks by lowering a gauge tape with a brass weight on the end into the tank. Samples of the oil are taken and the temperature of the oil is measured. It is also important to know the amount of impurities and this is done with a shake-out test. The sample is centrifuged in a glass container and, because the water and impurities are heavier than the oil, they fall to the bottom. The volume of oil being transferred can be measured using a turbine meter. The flow of oil turns the turbine at a steady rate and the number of turns is counted. For gas, compression or charcoal tests are used to measure the condensate content of the gas. Fractional analysis produces various measurements, including relative percentage of hydrocarbon and water. Gas volume is measured by passing the gas through an orifice – a small hole – and measuring the difference between the pressures on the two sides of the orifice. Практическое занятие 27 Workover Ремонтные работы producing well эксплутационная скважина outrigger балка, кронштейн bailer желонка, черпак abrasion абразивное истирание corrosion химическое растворение, размыв splits трещины holiday пропуск при изоляции труб packer уплотнитель, пакер sidetrack откладывать, забуривать новый ствол скважины clog засориться, застопориться paraffin knife скребок для очистки труб от парафина epoxy resins компаунды casing roller оправка для ремонта обсадных труб piston поршень milling фрезеровка scraper ерш, скребок debris обломки породы winch лебедка Task 1. Read, learn and act out the dialogue: Задание 1. Прочитайте, выучите и разыграйте диалог: Orville Svaranski: As you can see, this well is shut in at the moment. Alan Johnson: What does that mean? OS: Well, from time to time, a producing well needs to be maintained – we call it work over. The well is killed and we bring in a special service company. AJ: That’s their truck, is it? OS: That’s right. And the rig is theirs, too. It’s a special work over rig with a mast that can be hoisted during the work over. This one is using regular tubing, but sometimes they use a coiled tube unit, which is quicker, but a bit more expensive for us! AJ: But you’re losing production while it’s going on, I guess. It can’t be too slow. OS: You’re right, we have to get the right balance. AJ: It doesn’t look very stable. OS: Oh, it’s certainly stable enough. The truck has outriggers to support it and those guy lines keep the mast upright. We’ve been using this company for twenty years now and I haven’t seen one fall over yet! Task 2. Read the dialogue and discuss the questions: Задание 2. Прочитайте диалог и обсудите вопросы к нему: AJ: So, what kind of work do they need to do during a work over? OS: Often, you get a build-up of sand in the wellbore and that has to be removed. You can do that by pumping salt water down the annulus or by running a bailer on a wire line. That’s called a sand-control job. Sometimes, the casing gets damaged by abrasion or corrosion and that can make holes or splits in the lining. AJ: Do you have to replace all the casing then? OS: No, fortunately there are various solutions to avoid all that hassle and expense. You can do a cement squeeze job ... AJ: What’s that then? OS: That’s when you fill gaps in the cement behind the casing. The gaps are called holidays and you have to isolate the zone using packers and then perforate the casing in that zone. Then you can pump the cement under pressure through the perforations and into the holiday. AJ: Sounds good. Does any of the pumping equipment ever break? OS: Yes, now and again, the pumping rod can wear out and the lower part can fall into the well. AJ: So I guess you then have to use a fishing tool of some kind. OS: That’s right. One’s called a mousetrap! And then there’s sidetracking. AJ: Sidetracking? OS: Yeah, that’s when there’s something blocking the well that can’t be removed or repaired. It has to be bypassed with a directional hole. A window is made in the casing just above the blockage and the well is plugged just below the window. Then, a special directional tool is used to drill off at an angle from the main well. Then you can complete the hole in the normal way. AJ: I think I’ve got that. Anything else? OS: Well, there are other work over jobs, but I reckon those are the most common. AJ: Thanks a lot, Orville. 1. Can you identify four different work over jobs that are mentioned? 2. Why is each job necessary? Task 3. Here is a list of work over problems that can occur and a number of suggestions for h they might be solved. Matchtheproblemswiththesolutions: Задание 3. Ознакомьтесь с проблемами, которые могут возникнуть при эксплуатации скважины. Сопоставьтепроблемысвозможнымиспособамиихрешения: 1. A lot of sand is clogging the bottom of the well. 2. The casing has collapsed. 3. The pumping rod has broken in half and a piece has fallen down hole. 4. The well has fallen in and the tube is blocked. We can't get the tube out. 5. The tubing is clogged with wax. 6. The seals on the down hole pump are worn. 7. There are gaps in the cement behind the casing. 8. There's a lot of water and mud in the well. a Can we get it off with a paraffin knife? b Do you think we should do a swab job? с That means sidetracking, doesn't it? d They'll need replacing as soon as possible then. e We could either pump salt water down the annulus or we could stabilize it with an epoxy resin. f We'll have to call in the fishing crew. g We'll need to open it with a casing roller. h I reckon squeeze cementing is the best solution for that, don't you? Task 4. Read this paragraph about swabbing and fill in the blanks with words from the box below: Задание 4. Прочитайте отрывок о свабировании (откачивании жидкости проходным поршнем). Заполните пропуски словами, данными в рамочке:
Swabbing is the (1) _____ or drilling mud from a well, so that the oil and gas can flow into the well. A swab job can be done both after the well is (2) _____ to remove the last of the drilling mud, or to (3) _____ production in a producing well. A truck-mounted swabbing unit with a short mast is used to (4) ______ a swab tool down the tubing string a (5) ______ A swab tool is a (6) ______ steel rod with rubber swab caps. When the swab tool is (7) ______, the swab caps seal against the tubing to act as a (8) _____ and lift (swab out) the liquid from the well. A lubricator (a length of casing or tubing) is temporarily (9) _____ above the valve on the tubing head or casing head to provide a pressure seal. The swab tool can be run into the well under (10) _____ through the lubricator, so well doesn't have to be (11) _____ during swabbing. An oil saver is used on top of the lubricator to (12) _____ any oil coming up on the wire line. Task 5. Complete these sentences by adding suitable prepositions: Задание 5.Заполнитепропускипредлогами: 1. _____ work over operations, a rig is mounted _____ a truck or trailer _____ the well and uses a winch driven _____ the truck engine. 2. _____ stability, guy wires are attached _____ the mast and _____ anchors _____ the ground. 3. _____ a coiled tubing unit, the tubing is wound _____ a reel. It is unwound _____ the reel and lowered _____ the well. 4. The well is killed _____ filling it _____ kill fluid, pumped _____ the casing tube annulus _____ pressure _____ the tubing string is full. Практическое занятие 28 Petroleum Production Добыча нефти well stimulation возбуждение скважины reactivate оживлять, возобновлять fracture образовывать трещины acidizing проводить кислотную обработку waterflood закачивать воду в нефтяную скважину radial радиальный, лучеобразный fractures трещины, разломы paraffin парафин mud cake фильтрационная корка бурового раствора heterogeneous неоднородный intersect пересекать etch травить, продавливать ceramic beads керамические валики sintered спекшийся bauxite боксит, алюминиевая руда slimy вязкий, скользкий Task 1. Read the article from OilVoice magazine and answer the question: Задание 1. Прочитайте статью из журнала OilVoice и ответьте на вопрос: Can you identify three techniques that were used in Orenburg to produce oil? Successful Well Stimulation in Orenburg, Russia Aladdin Oil & Gas Company ASA has completed the well stimulation on Well #51 at the Bogdanovskaya license in Orenburg. The well is now in production, producing 100 barrels of oil per day. Through the use of pumps, the production is expected to increase further. The work is conducted by Schlumberger’s Russian subsidiary, Petroalliance, and is completed according to the stimulation programme developed by the consultancy TRACS. The TRACS programme is providing the expected results, about 100-150 barrels per stimulated well. Petroalliance will immediately initiate the stimulation of Well #39, and thereafter go to Well #41 and #33, as the equipment is within reach in the Orenburg region throughout the spring. Simultaneously, Well #65 will be reactivated. Subsequently, sidetrack drilling of Well #34 and #47 will be commenced. The sidetrack drilling is expected to give somewhat higher production rates, compared to ordinary well stimulation. Aladdin Oil & Gas Company reiterates the production target of 700–1,000 barrels per day for the existing wells. Task 2. Give Russian equivalents to the following expressions: Задание 2. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим словам и выражениям: Well stimulation, multiple fracturing, hydraulic fracturing, well clean-up acidizing, enhanced production, water flood. Task 3. Read and translate the text. Discussthequestion: Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Обсудите вопрос, данный после текста: The GasGun How it works Creates multiple radial fractures extending 10 to 50 feet from the wellbore. Minimal vertical growth avoids problems often associated with hydraulic fracturing. Removes skin and cleans up the wellbore damaged by perforators, drilling fines, cement, paraffin, mud cake, etc. Stimulates heterogeneous production zones, such as lenticular sands, with a higher probability of success. Fractures reach out in several directions, thus increasing your chance of intersecting the producing formations. Improves effectiveness of acidizing by fracturing first with the GasGun, allowing acid to etch new channels into formation. Enhances production in naturally fractured reservoirs by intersecting more fractures. Prepares well for hydraulic fracturing by breaking down formation first with the GasGun. Treating pressures are often dramatically reduced. Increases injection and withdrawal rates in gas storage wells damaged by compressor oils. Improves waterflood efficiency by providing increased and more uniform injection rates. Which functions does the GasGun fulfil? Task 4. Put the following steps into the correct order of fracture stimulation: Задание 4. Попробуйте восстановить порядок работ при стимуляции скважины: Frac Job or Fracture Stimulation 1. The well is then reopened and is ready to test. 2. There is a substantial amount of effort spent designing the correct type of frac job for well. The cost to perform a frac job ranges from $50,000 to more than $1 million, depending on the size and complexity of the job. 3. These fractures are extended a long distance from the well by pumping this proppant-loaded frac fluid at a high enough pressure to continue cracking the rock. 4. This crack is then filled with sand or an artificial proppant (ceramic beads, sintered bauxite or glass beads) to allow the freer flow of oil or gas from the rock to the wellbore. 5. This is a technique used by engineers to create a crack or fracture in the rock that contains oil or gas. 6. This process is carried out using trucks equipped with high-pressure pumps and sand/proppant mixers (called 'blenders') mixing the proppant with an engineered 'frac fluid' (usually a slimy looking watery substance) that is pumped down the well until the rock actually cracks or fractures. 7. When the process is complete, the well is closed and the fluid and proppant allowed to settle. Task 5. Which of these verbs can be used to complete the following sentence? Задание 5. Какие из следующих глаголов можно использовать, чтобы заполнить пропуск в предложении?
We have _________ production by around 150 barrels per day. Task 6. Prepare a short presentation slide about different techniques of producing well. Задание 6. Подготовьте небольшую презентацию об эксплуатации скважины. Практическое занятие 29 Improved Oil Recovery Современные методы нефтедобычи oil recovery добыча нефти, нефтеотдача displace перемещать thermal recovery тепловая добыча dissolve растворяться detergent вспенивающий агент surfactant сурфактант hamper тормозить, затруднять unpredictability непредсказуемость fertilizer удобрение reservoir месторождение, нефтеносный слой drive вытеснение bubble out пузыриться, булькать gas cap газовая шапка, газовый купол slug водяная пробка miscible пособный смешиваться Task 1. Read and translate the text. Answerthequestions: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы к нему: Primary, secondary and tertiary recovery So, what exactly is the purpose of enhanced recovery? Well, as I'm sure you know, crude oil development and production in US oil reservoirs can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drives oil into the wellbore, combining with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) to bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10% of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques add to the field's productive life by injecting water to displace the oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of another 20 to 40% of the original oil in place. However, a lot of the easy- to-produce oil has already been recovered from US oilfields, and so producers are increasingly using tertiary or enhanced oil recovery (also called EOR) techniques that offer us prospects for ultimately producing 30 to 60% or more of a reservoir's original oil in place. 1. What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary recovery? 2. Why are US producers using tertiary recovery now? Task 3. Read the extract and discuss how each method works: Задание 3. Прочитайте текст и обсудите, как работают разные методы добычи: Enhanced recovery methods Three major categories of EOR have been found to be commercially successful in varying degrees. First of all, there's thermal recovery, which involves the introduction of heat, such as the injection of steam to lower the viscosity or thin the heavy viscous oil, and improve its ability to flow through the reservoir. Thermal techniques account for over 50% of US EOR production, primarily in California. Then there's gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen or carbon dioxide that expand in a reservoir to push additional oil to a production wellbore, or other gases that dissolve in the oil to lower its viscosity and improve its flow rate. Gas injection accounts for nearly 50% of EOR production in the United States. And thirdly, there's chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers. These increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, or the use of detergent-like surfactants, to help lower the surface tension that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir. Chemical techniques account for less than 1 % of US EOR production. However, these techniques have been hampered by their relatively high cost and, in some cases, by the unpredictability of their effectiveness. Task 4. Read the extract and make notes on each of the projects: Задание 3. Прочитайте текст и обсудите, как работают разные методы добычи: C02 gas injection The EOR technique that is attracting the most new market interest is carbon dioxide (C02) EOR. New technologies are being developed to produce C02 from industrial applications, such as natural gas processing, fertilizer, ethanol and hydrogen plants in locations where naturally occurring reservoirs are not available. One demonstration at the Dakota Gasification Company's plant in Beulah, North Dakota, is producing C02 and delivering it by a new 204-mile pipeline to the Weyburn oilfield in Saskatchewan, Canada. Encana, the field's operator, is injecting the C02 to extend the field's productive life, hoping to add another 25 years and as much as 130 million barrels of oil that might otherwise have been abandoned. We are funding another project in the Hall-Gurney field in Kansas, seeking to demonstrate that C02 EOR can provide energy, economic and environmental benefits. A companion project underway in the Hall-Gurney field involves testing the feasibility of 4D high resolution seismic monitoring of C02 injection in thin, relatively shallow mature carbonate reservoirs. Incorporating this kind of time-lapsed monitoring data into C02-E0R programmes could dramatically improve the efficiency and economics of using the technology in many midcontinent fields. Task 5. Read and translate the following paragraphs about three types of oil reservoir drive: Задание 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст о разных типах естественного вытеснения: Natural drives Dissolved Gas Drive When a well is drilled, pressure on the oil in the reservoir can be released and gas can bubble out of the oil. The pressure of the oil forces the oil through the rock into the well. This type of drive reservoir is very inefficient. It has a very rapid decline in both reservoir pressure and oil production rate, as the oil is produced. There is a very rapid increase in the gas/oil ratio near the end of production. Free Gas Cap Expansion Drive In some fields, there is a gas cap above the oil which expands in production and puts the oil under pressure. This type of drive shows a moderate fall in reservoir fluid pressure and production as the oil is produced. The gas/oil ratio rises sharply when the oil has nearly all been produced. Water Drive Reservoirs with water drive are driven by the expansion of water below or adjacent to the reservoir. As the oil is produced, it is replaced by water. An active water drive exerts almost constant reservoir pressure and oil production throughout the life of the well. Gas/oil remains the same, but eventually, when the reservoir 'goes to water', water production increases dramatically. Task 6. Read thedescription of five types of improved recovery. Each has a key phrase missing. Which key phrase belongs to each description and where should it be inserted? Задание 6. Прочитайте описание современных методов добычи и вставьте ключевую фразу:
Once the natural drive of the reservoir is exhausted, oil companies turn to other methods to boost recovery: 1. Waterflood: This technique is usually the first to be tried after primary production. It involves injecting water through injection wells. The water forces the oil through to producing wells. It can recover 5 to 50% of the remaining oil in place. 2. Miscible gas process: This technique involves injecting a gas (usually carbon dioxide or liquid petroleum gas) into the reservoir. It can recover about 35% of the remaining oil. 3. Chemical flood: This technique involves injecting different chemicals, each serving a different purpose, into the depleted reservoir. This recovers around 40% of remaining oil, but can only be used in sandstone reservoirs, not carbonates. 4. Steamflood: This technique involves using heat to make heavy oil more fluid for recovery. Steam is injected into the reservoir to heat the oil. Recovery rates can vary from 25% to 60% of the oil in place. 5. Fire flood: This is another thermal technique in which subsurface oil is set on fire and air is injected into the reservoir. The oil becomes more fluid and flows towards the producing wells. Approximately 30 to 40% recovery is expected with this method. Практическое занятие 30 Pipelines Трубопроводы dual двойственный, двойной sabotage вредить warning system система оповещения interference нарушение, вмешательство tamper испортить locate располагаться disruption разрывание fibre-optic стекловолоконный rupture пробой tamper proof защищенный от воровства turnkey system полностью готовая система immune устойчивый intrusion нарушение, неправомерный захват irrespective of независимо от regardless of независимо от threat угроза, опасность robust крепкий terrain местность, территория delivery доставка foolproof несложный, понятный всем Task 1. Read and translate the text. Discussthequestions: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Westminster Dual Purpose Pipeline Security and Leak Detection System The protection of pipelines against sabotage, illegal tapping and terrorist action, combined with the detection of leaks in buried pipelines, etc., is a high priority in all countries, but until now has been notoriously difficult to achieve. The Dual Purpose Pipeline Security/Leak Detection System is an entirely new advanced early warning system for the detection of third party interference (TPI) tampering and illegal tapping attempts, as well as locating leaks in buried oil, gas and liquid pipelines. Leaks, damage, illegal tapping and sabotage to pipelines is a worldwide problem costing pipeline operators millions of dollars a year in disruption and lost production, not to mention loss of life that often occurs. Westminster's unique solution to the problem is to provide a Dual Purpose Pipeline Security and Leak Detection System utilizing a single fibre-optic cable run adjacent to the pipeline. This system allows the detection of illegal tapping or sabotage of the pipeline, while also providing the benefit of real-time monitoring against any ruptures or leaks. Product Benefits Early warning of leaks Early warning of potential disruption Immediate and accurate location of disturbance Tamperproof Easy to install and low maintenance High levels of physical security Low risk of service interruptions Turnkey system Why is the system 'dual purpose'? How does it work? Task 2. Read and act out the dialogue: Задание 2. Прочитайте и разыграйте диалог: Vladimir Shukhov: Yes, that sounds interesting, Oliver, but is it too good to be true? Oliver Matheson: Not at all. What are you thinking of Vladimir? VS: Well, isn’t the cable subject to electrical interference? OM: Not at all. It’s completely immune to radiofrequency or electromagnetic interference. It’s been tried and tested in many environments. VS: And how far afield does each control point cover? OM: Around 60 kilometres and you can network as many controllers as you want, according to the length of the pipeline. VS: And how accurate are its detection devices? OM: Well, for breaches of security, we say that it can detect an intrusion to within 50 metres, while for leaks it’s as little as one metre. VS: Regardless of how long the pipeline is? OM: Exactly. Irrespective of the length of the line. VS: And you say that it can give early warnings of threats? OM: Yes, as I said, any intrusion can be spotted up to 60 kilometres away. VS: What about maintenance? OM: Well, it’s as low-maintenance as it possibly can be. It’s extremely robust and highly reliable. And it works equally well in weather conditions and in all soil types. VS: OK, so can you give me an idea of the price ...? Task 3. Prepare a short presentation slide about one of the following pipelines: Задание 3. Подготовьте небольшую презентацию об одном из следующих трубопроводов: Baku-Novorossiysk Brent System, Kazakhstan-China Trans-Alaska Yamal-Europe. Make notes on the information, such as: the building of the pipeline – the date, the ownership, etc. technical information – the length, the capacity, the diameter, the pressure. any other information – problems, future developments, etc. Task 4. Read and translate the text: Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Pipeline systems Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from one location to another. Initial Injection Station: Known also as Supply or Inlet Station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations. |