Английский для нефтяников. Практическое занятие 1 Global Giant Практическое занятие 2 Presenting Company
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Different types of wireline well log There are many different types of log – here are some of the most common examples. The first type of log, invented by the Schlumberger brothers in the 1920s, was an Electrical Log used to measure resistivity. It passed an electrical current into the formation and the resistivity to the current indicated the presence of hydrocarbons. Nowadays, resistivity is measured in other ways, but the electrical log is still used to measure the current generated by contact between mud and natural waters in the pores of a reservoir rock. This is known as Spontaneous or Self Potential (abbreviated to SP) and is recorded on Track 1 of the log. Different types of sedimentary rocks have different SP signatures, enabling identification by the petrophysicist. Nowadays, resistivity (or its inverse, conductivity) is measured by an Induction Log (IL), which allows the electric current to be focused and induced in a very specific zone of the formation. The tool can measure shallow, medium or deep resistivity depending on how far into the formation the current is passed. Oil and gas have very high resistivity and their presence shows a kick on the log. A third type of log is the Gamma Ray Log (GRL), which uses a scintillation counter to measure natural radioactivity in the rock. There are three main sedimentary rocks – shale, limestone and sandstone. Only shales are radioactive and they kick to the right on the log. Other sedimentary rocks kick to the left. Gamma ray logs are frequently used because they can be run in both openhole and cased-hole and are relatively cheap. Then, there are two types of log which act as radioactive sources. The first is a Neutron Porosity Log (NL), which bombards the rock formation with high speed atomic particles (neutrons). When a neutron meets a hydrogen particle, a lot of its energy is absorbed and gamma rays are produced. On the log, either the slow- moving neutrons or the gamma rays are counted, and this shows the porosity of the rock because the greater the number of neutrons and gamma rays, the more porous the rock. The log shows porosity as a percentage. The other is a Formation Density Log (FDL), also called a Gamma-Gamma Log. This measures the density of the subsurface rock by emitting gamma rays, which are absorbed when they encounter dense formation, but less so when they meet porous rock. So, in this case, a high measurement is an indicator of hydrocarbons. The last log is the Caliper Log (CAL). This is used to measure the diameter of the hole. It has sensors which brush the side of the hole as it is run up and generate a record of the size. The hole size is important for making calculations of cement quantities for casing, and also for the calibration of compensated logs. Task 3. Fill in the table below in as much detail as you can from the information provided in Task 2. See if you can complete the table by carrying out further research on the Internet: Задание 3. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию из задания 2. Воспользуйтесь интернетом при необходимости: Some Common Wireline Logs and their Uses
Alternatives to wireline logging Task 4. Match up the two parts of each sentence to form complete and factually correct sentences: Задание 4. Сопоставьте части предложений так, чтобы они имели смысл:
Task 5. Make a comparison between mud logging and wireline well logging. Задание 5. Сравните каротаж скважины с применением анализа проб бурового раствора и каротаж с применением талевого каната. Практическое занятие 24 Anatomy of an Oilfield Анатомия нефтяного месторождения basement геологический фундамент impinge сталкиваться, натыкаться enhance улучшать lime известь evaporitic испаряющийся anhydrite безводная сернокислая известь, сульфат кальция (CaSO4) inaccessible недоступный, недосягаемый fossils окаменелости, ископаемые остатки landmark наземный ориентир salinity минерализация, соленость infrastructure инфраструктура grains of sand песчинки dense плотный Task 1. Read a geological description of one of the world's major oilfields and answer the questions: Задание 1. Прочитайте геологическое описание одного из самых больших в мире месторождений нефти и ответьте на вопросы: Ghawar is an oilfield in Saudi Arabia. It is located about 100 km (62 miles) WSW from the city of Dhahran in Al-Ahsa county of the Eastern Province. Measuring 280 km x 30 km (170 miles x 19 miles), it is by far the largest conventional oilfield in the world. The field is entirely owned and operated by Saudi Aramco, the nationalized Saudi oil company. Ghawar occupies an anticline above a basement fault block dating to Carboniferous time, about 320 million years ago; Cretaceous tectonic activity, as the north-east margin of Africa began to impinge on south-west Asia, enhanced the structure. Reservoir rocks are Jurassic Arab-D limestones with exceptional porosity (as much as 35% of the rock in places), sourced from the Jurassic Hanifa formation, a marine shelf deposit of mud and lime with as much as 5% organic material (1% to 2% is considered good oil source rock). The seal is an evaporitic package of rocks including impermeable anhydrite. 1. Which geological period does the oilfield date from? 2. What kind of trap has created the reservoir? 3. Describe the type, source and features of the reservoir rocks. Task 2. Read and translate the text. Discussthequestions: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Обсудитевопросы: New Frontiers of Oil Production TNK-BP, the Russian oil company, and the British oil company, BP, has just brought on-stream a pioneering big new oilfield in eastern Siberia. The project is part of a wave of development overcoming huge technical challenges to reach previously inaccessible crude oil reserves in Russia. The crude oil at Verkhnechonskoye is some of the oldest in the world, formed 500 million years ago from fossils of some of the first life forms on the planet. That makes it 300 million years older than the world’s deepest freshwater lake, Baikal, which is the nearest well-known natural landmark. The age of the oil deposit, which takes its name from the nearby head of the river Chona, creates special problems. For a start, there is almost no experience in the industry in dealing with such ancient pre-Cambrian rock. ‘There are only one or two fields in the entire world as old as Verkhnechonskoye,’ said Summers, the TNK-BP chief operating officer. The temperature in the reservoir is about 18 degrees Celsius (64.4 Fahrenheit), much colder than in other fields, said Sergei Brezitsky, executive vice president for upstream operations at TNK-BP. ‘By the time the oil reaches the surface, it is at minus 2 degrees.’ Hot water must be pumped around the pipe to keep the oil flowing. The rock containing the oil is also salty, so the company is experimenting with ways to reduce the salinity to acceptable levels for pumping into the pipeline network. Finally, the geological structure of the oil deposits is complex, meaning that with conventional drilling, a large number of expensive wells would be needed to maximize production. Soviet oil engineers drilled perhaps 100 exploratory wells at the field. They gave up because of the difficulties and lack of infrastructure. 1. What information can you find about the geology of the oilfield? 2. Why is bringing it on-stream such a complex operation? Task 3. Translate the sentences into Russian: Задание 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. During the period when the rock formations on the coast of north-east Africa pushed up against the south-west coast of Asia. 2. The completion of the petroleum trap consists of rocks originally created by evaporation. 3. Crude oil reserves which could not have been reached before this operation started. 4. The rock formation here is much older than nearly all other oil and gas fields in the world. 5. The rock is very salty and the company is trying to find ways to make it less so. 6. Previous efforts to exploit the area failed because of the cold temperatures, the age of the rock formation and because there were no roads. Task 4. Find the answers to these clues: Задание 4. Подберите слова, соответствующие определениям: 1. A geological feature where oil and gas can be contained. 2. On a map, an indication of the distance represented by the map. 3. What hydrocarbons do when they move through a layer of sedimentary rock. 4. In seismic, an acoustic receiver used in land exploration. 5. The area of rock where petroleum originally comes from and the origin of sound in a seismic survey. 6. An example of a stratigraphic trap, a bend in a layer of sedimentary rocks. 7. A flat surface that can be shown on a map or in a mathematical figure. 8. The most common sedimentary rock, found in riverbeds and seabeds, etc. 9. A piece of electrical equipment filled with measuring devices and used in wireline logging. 10. This means that the oil and gas in a reserve is getting less and less. 11. A sedimentary rock consisting mostly of grains of sand. 12. With holes which allow hydrocarbons to migrate. 13. The dense layer of rock which prevents petroleum from escaping from a trap. 14. This describes a hill with very small gaps between the contour lines. 15. The physical characteristics of a rock formation. 16. The speed of, for example, a sound wave as it travels through rock. 17. The flow of electricity or water. Task 5. Prepare your own “Anatomy of an oil field” on a field of your choice, researching as necessary to find as much geological and geophysical information as possible. Задание 5. Проведите исследование и подготовьте сообщение о любом нефтяном месторождении на ваш выбор, используя геологическую и геофизическую информацию. Практическое занятие 25 Well Completion Освоение скважины plug забивать, заливать цементом set pipe вставлять трубу frac pack система для гидравлического разрыва пласта proppant расклинивающийся агент bonded seal уплотнение между обсадной трубой и стеной скважины perforate бурить, делать отверстия detonation взрыв, детонация sand screen песочный фильтр washout промывка hydrostatic effect гидростатический эффект cement slurry цементный раствор retard замедлять accelerate ускорять casing обсадная труба tongs ключ для труб, щипцы wiper plug верхняя цементировочная пробка filter cake фильтрационная корка бурового раствора Christmas tree фонтанная арматура wellhead устьевое отверстие скважины casing head головка обсадной колонны Task 1. Read an extract from the BJ Services company's web page about completion services. Underline the positive phrases used to sell the service that they offer: Задание 1. Прочитайте отрывок с сайта компании BJServices об услугах по освоению скважин. Подчеркнитевыражения, которыеиспользуютсядляпредложенияуслуг: Completion Systems BJ Services offers a complete line of completion systems for all applications, including conventional completions and horizontal wells in both gravel-packed and conventional configurations. Products range from conventional Permanent Packer Systems to high-performance Retrievable Gravel Pack Systems (10,000 psi). These systems have been field tested and proven to work in the most demanding environments. BJ’s tool systems are specifically designed to handle the increased demands of today’s high rate, high pressure frac-pack completions. All tool components are designed for maximum erosion resistance, allowing rates up to 35 barrels per minute at proppant volumes up to 400,000 pounds, and all are 10,000 psi differentially rated. Bonded seals are used at all critical points for positive sealing integrity. The concept of a reliable one-trip perforating and Gravel Pack/Frac Pack system has long been the goal of operators and service companies. One of the main problems has been the extreme force generated during perforating gun detonation, which has been the cause of damaged packers, twisted screens, premature packer setting, and other types of failures. BJ Services’ solution to the problem is the ComPlete Re leasable Single Trip (RST) System. Task 2. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы: |