Английский для нефтяников. Практическое занятие 1 Global Giant Практическое занятие 2 Presenting Company
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Well Completion After drilling and casing the well, it must be ‘completed’. Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas. In a cased-hole completion, small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In openhole completion, often ‘sand screens’ or a ‘gravel pack’ is installed in the last drilled, uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the wellbore. Screens also control the migration of formation sands into production tubulars and surface equipment, which can cause washouts and other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sand formations in offshore fields. After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids are pumped into the well to fracture, clean or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to optimally produce hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Finally, the area above the reservoir section of the well is packed off inside the casing and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons, as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller diameter of the tubing produces hydrocarbons at an increased velocity in order to overcome the hydrostatic effects of heavy fluids, such as water. In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low permeability oil reservoirs. Installing a smaller-diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include downhole pumps, gas lift or surface pump jacks. Many new systems in the last ten years have been introduced for well completion. Multiple packer systems with frac ports or port collars in an all-in-one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells. These new systems allow casings to run into the lateral zone with proper packer/frac port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery. 1. What is the difference between an 'openhole completion' and a 'cased-hole completion'? 2. How is the flow of hydrocarbons into the well improved? 3. What artificial ways of bringing oil and gas to the surface are used? Task 3. Rearrange the steps described below into the most logical order, under each of the three stages: Preparing the well, Running casing, Cementin: Задание 3. Распределите следующие стадии в логическом порядке под заголовками: Подготовка скважины, Установка обсадной трубы, Цементирование: 1. A cementing head is attached to the wellhead to receive slurry through a line from the pumps. 2. A temperature log is run to locate the top of the setting cement from the heat it gives off. 3. A wet slurry is prepared by mixing together sacks of dry cement and water. 4. Casing string is guided down the well using a guide shoe and centralizers. 5. Cement additives, for example, to retard or accelerate setting time, are added. 6. Mud is circulated for a period of time to remove any remaining cuttings. 7. One by one, each casing joint is stabbed into the casing string already in the hole. 8. The cement is allowed to set (waiting on cement, WOC) for 8 to 12 hours. 9. The cement slurry is pumped down the hole. 10. The joints are screwed together using casing tongs. 11. The threads of the joints are sealed tight with a thread compound. 12. The well is conditioned by running a drillstring with a used bit into the well. 13. The wiper plugs, guide shoe and any cement at the bottom are drilled out. 14. Two wiper plugs are run into the hole to force the slurry through the guide shoe and up into the annulus of the well. 15. Wall scratchers are run up and down or rotated in the well to scrape filter cake off the well sides. Task 4. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. Do you think these sentences refer to openhole or cased-hole completions? Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите, относится ли информация, данная в каждом предложении, к освоению открытой или обсаженной скважины: 1. There is no casing in the producing formation. 2. It is more expensive because more casing is used. 3. It can only be used where the formation is clearly defined. 4. It cannot be used in soft formations which might cave into the well. 5. The casing is set before the pay is drilled. 6. In sand formations, an under reamer is run to make a cavity in the pay zone. 7. A gravel pack can be used to consolidate the soft formation. 8. Fluids can flow through a screen or slotted liner in the well. 9. Perforations are shot through the casing and cement and into the formation. Task 5. Read about a Christmas tree. Give Russian equivalents to the highlighted words: Задание 5. Прочитайте о фонтанной арматуре. Дайте русские эквиваленты выделенным словам: Christmas tree Oil wells where oil can flow without artificial help (and gas wells which always flow naturally) are fitted with a Christmas tree - a series of pipes, fittings, valves and gauges. The Christmas tree is attached to the wellhead, the large steel fitting on top of the well, consisting of a tubing head on top of the casinghead. Sticking out of the lower section of the Christmas tree is the master valve, to turn off the well in an emergency. Above that, there is one, or sometimes two, wings, depending on the number of producing zones being controlled. Each wing has a valveto regulate flow. At the top of the Christmas tree is a pressure gaugeto measure tubing pressure. Task 6. Design a PowerPoint slide entitled “Key Elements of a Completion System”, comprising a list of the key elements and a short explanation of each, listed with a bullet points. Задание 6. Сделайте презентацию в PowerPoint с заголовком“Key Elements of a Completion System” об основных элементах системы бурения скважины с их кратким объяснением. Практическое занятие 26 Surface Treatment Поверхностная обработка free-water свободная вода knockout ловушка compact компактный capture брать и отделять от флюидов droplets капельки, вкрапления vane лопасть, флюгер tangential направленный по касательной nozzle сливной наконечник centrifugal force центробежная сила drain отвод воды spin закручивать converge сближаться, стекаться vortex вихрь, водоворот mist нефтяная пыль, дымка diffusion распространение, распыление coalesce сливаться, сращиваться sweetening очистка от активных соединений серы impurity загрязняющая примесь corrosive gas коррозионный газ Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы: Oil and Gas Separators An oil and gas separator is used to separate oil, gas and water from the stream of fluids produced by a petroleum well. It can be either vertical or horizontal and can be either spherical or cylindrical in shape. Separators can be divided into two types – two-phase and three-phase. The two-phase type handles only oil and gas, whereas the three-phase type deals with oil, gas and water. This type is commonly called 'free-water knockout'. In addition, a separator can be categorized by operating pressure. Low- pressure separators operate from 10 to 180 psi (69 to 1241 kPa). Medium - pressure units handle pressures of 230 to 700 psi (1586 to 4826 kPa). High - pressure equipment can cope with pressures of 975 to 1500 psi (6722 to 10,342 kPa). The separation is mainly achieved by the force of gravity, which means that the heaviest fluid settles to the bottom of the vessel and the lightest rises to the top. The degree of separation achieved will depend on the operating pressure of the separator, on the amount of time the fluid mixture spends in the vessel and on the flow rate of the fluids. What are the main ways of categorizing oil and gas separators? What are the key factors involved in separation? Task 2. Read and translate the text. Discuss the difference between primary and secondary separation: Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Обсудите разницу между первичной и вторичной сепарацией: Primary and secondary separation Separation This compact, lightweight, vertical separator is ideally suited for separation processes containing moderate amounts of liquid (less than 500 barrels per MMscf). NATCO's Porta-Test Whirlyscrub V™ Separator captures over 99.9% of all liquid droplets larger than microns, exceeding the performance of most vane-type separators. Over 35 years of experience with this product allows us to optimize the separator design for your application. How It Works Primary separation takes place as gas enters through a tangential nozzle, creating centrifugal force and forcing the heavier liquid particles to the vessel wall. From there, the liquids drain to the stilled chamber in the bottom of the vessel. Secondary separation occurs as the spinning gas converges at the centre of the separator and enters the vortex finder tube. Inside the vortex finder tube, the gas spins at a higher velocity and forces any remaining liquid to the tube wall. This liquid is swept upward toward the gas outlet. Prior to exiting the vessel, the liquid and a 10% side stream of gas are drawn through a small gap in the vortex finder tube and returned to the primary separation section. A low pressure area in the primary separation section created by the spinning gas provides the necessary differential pressure driving force. Task 3. Choose the best word to replace the underlined word or words in each sentence: Задание 3. Выберите слово из предложенных вариантов, которым можно заменить подчеркнутое выражение в предложениях: 1. Every separator has a diffusion section that makes an initial separation of gas and liquid from the entrance to the vessel. a) income b) inlet c) incline d) intend 2. Liquid drops to the bottom of the separator where the remaining gas is removed, a) lowers b) reduces c) falls d) declines 3. Emulsion has droplets of liquid that are held in oil. a) suspended b) depended c) upended d) pretended 4. In the diffuser section, fluids are circulated rapidly around the shell of the vessel, a) circled b) rounded c) spun d) rotated 5. Mist extractors are used to coalesce and take out liquid droplets before the gas flows out a) replace b) replenish c) restore d) remove 6. A back-pressure valve keeps at the correct level the gas pressure in the separator, a) retains b) sustains c) detains d) maintains 7. In a free-water knockout separator, water is taken from the bottom, oil from the middle gas from the top. a) drawn b) thrown c) blown d) grown 8. During the process of separating gas from liquid, liquid can be soaked up by silica or other suitable chemicals. a) drained b) absorbed c) condensed d) evaporated Task 4. Match the definitions to each processes carried out during the treatment of gas: Задание 4. Сопоставьте определения с процессами, выполняемыми во время обработки газа:
1. The removal of impurities (in general) from natural gas. 2. The removal of liquids (in general) from natural gas. 3. The removal of water from natural gas. 4. The removal of corrosive gases, such as C02 or H2S, from natural gas. 5. Increasing pressure on natural gas, thereby reducing its volume. 6. Lowering the temperature of natural gas to remove hydrocarbon liquids. 7. Using special chemical products to soak up hydrocarbon liquids. |