Английский для нефтяников. Практическое занятие 1 Global Giant Практическое занятие 2 Presenting Company
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1. Directional drilling is _____ because sensitive formations can be _____. 2. Multilateral drilling enables production rates up to _____ conventional drilling. 3. Coiled tubing has proved to be _____ than conventional piping because it is _____ and reuse. 4. Coiled tubing also produces _____ because it is _____. 5. Slimhole drilling allows oil and gas companies to comply with environmental laws _____ because it produces _____. 6. Slimhole and coiled tubing drilling are _____ and _____ than traditional methods. Task 4. These sentences describe a method of drilling called underbalanced drilling (UBD). Use a dictionary to check the meaning and use of the words in the middle column and then make a suitable connection. For 1-4, write two sentences for each. For 5-7, write one sentence for each: Задание 4. Эти предложения описывают метод бурения под названием «бурение при пониженном гидростатическом давлении в стволе скважины». Определите с помощью словаря значение слов в средней колонке, затем соедините части предложений:
Практическое занятие 17 Formation Characteristics Характеристики пласта formation characteristics характеристики пласта hydrocarbons углеводороды migration движение to exploit разведывать reservoir месторождение, нефтеносный пласт porosity пористость permeability проницаемость saturation насыщение wildcat well разведочная скважина kerogen кероген geological trap геологический пласт, ловушка sandstone песчаник conglomerate обломочная порода formation water пластовая вода rule of thumb практическое правило sedimentary rock осадочная порода Task 1. Read and translate the text: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Viability assessment If we suspect that hydrocarbons might be present in an area, we commission an exploration well to obtain further information. These are also called wildcat wells. Using various tools, we are able to analyze the formations in great detail to establish whether or not it will be worthwhile producing. First of all, we need to establish where the hydrocarbons may have come from – the source rock – and analyze the organic content, known as kerogen. Then, we look at the reservoir formation – that is, the rock into which the oil or gas has migrated and where it accumulates in a geological trap of some kind. The most important aspects of a reservoir formation are its porosity and permeability. Most rocks, in particular sandstones and conglomerates, have at least some porosity. If enough pores are present, the pores are large enough and the pores are interconnected so that fluids flow through them (i.e., the rock is permeable), then the rock is a potential petroleum reservoir. With sandstones, a permeability of 18% or more is usually needed for an economic oil reservoir. Gas flows easier than oil, so as little as 12% permeability may be enough for a gas reservoir. Porosity and permeability are important, but a petroleum reservoir needs to contain hydrocarbons as well. In water-bearing reservoirs, the pores are filled entirely with a salty solution called formation water, but in oil- and gas-bearing reservoirs, some oil or gas is present as well. A general rule of thumb is that 40% or more of the pore fluids must be hydrocarbons (i.e., the water saturation is less than 60%) in order for the reservoir to be economic enough to produce. If the water content is greater, then the oil tends to stay behind and the reservoir produces only water. These types of reservoirs are said to be ‘wet’. If the water saturation is less, then the reservoir may be ‘productive’. Whether or not it will be ‘economic’ to produce and make any money will depend not only on the rate of production, but also on how long the well will produce, in combination with many other factors, not least of which is market price. Task 2. Answer the questions: Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
Task 3. Read this description of the three main types of sedimentary rock and complete the table below: Задание 3. Прочитайте описание трех основных типов осадочных пород и заполните таблицу, данную ниже: Sandstone is composed primarily of sand grains that have been naturally cemented together. It is rough to the touch and can be white to buff to dark in colour. Sandstones are commonly deposited on beaches, river channels or dunes. Sandstone is a common reservoir rock for gas and oil and is the most important reservoir rock in North America. Shale is composed of clay-sized particles and is the most common sedimentary rock. It is relatively soft and the colour ranges from green and grey to black, depending on the organic content. Darker shales are common source rocks for oil and gas, commonly deposited on river flood plains, and on the bottom of oceans, lakes or lagoons. Some shales are now being treated as reservoirs in North America. Limestone is composed of calcite mineral grains that range in size from very fine to large sparkling crystals. The rock is commonly white or grey in colour. Limestone is a common reservoir rock and is typical in desert areas, such as the oil and gas fields of the Middle East. An organic-rich, dark-coloured limestone can also be a source rock for oil and gas. Many sedimentary rocks are a combination of these three types, and mixtures are described as either sandy, shaly or limey (calcerous). For example, sandy shale is a shale with a high sandstone composition. Coal is also increasingly being exploited as a gas-bearing reservoir, having originally been a source rock, as in the southern North Sea.
Task 4. Fill in the blanks in the sentences. In two of the sentences, the word is used twice – once singular and once plural. TranslatethesentencesintoRussian: Задание 4. Заполните пропуски словами, данными в рамочке. В двух предложениях одно из слов употребляется дважды, один раз в единственном числе, второй – во множественном. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1 Evaluation of the _____ uses the methods of geochemistry to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed. 2 The _____ is a porous and permeable lithological unit or set of units that the hydrocarbon reserves. Analysis of _____ at the simplest level requires an assessment of their porosity (to calculate the volume of in situ hydrocarbons) and their permeability (to calculate how easily hydrocarbons will flow out of them). 3 The _____ , or cap rock, is a unit with low permeability that impedes the escapes of hydrocarbons from the reservoir rock. Common _____ include evaporites chalks and shales. 4 The _____ is the stratigraphic or structural feature that ensures the juxtaposition of reservoir and seal, such that hydrocarbons remain in the subsurface rather than escaping (due to their natural buoyancy) and being lost. 5 Analysis of _____ involves assessing the thermal history of the source rock in order to make predictions of the amount and timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. 6 Finally, careful studies of _____ reveal information on how hydrocarbons move from source to reservoir and help quantify the source (or kitchen) of hydrocarbons in a particular area. Task 5. Complete this table using the different forms of each word: Задание 5. Заполните таблицу недостающими формами:
Task 6. Read about geographical features where subsurface oil and gas reservoirs can often be found and decide whether operations in such environments would be onshore drilling or offshore drilling: Задание 6. Прочитайте геологическую характеристику и решите, будет ли бурение наземным или морским: а A basin is a large area with thick sedimentary rocks, covered by shallow tropical water. In some cases over time, the basin has been filled by sediment and become dry land. b Reefs are mounds of shells separated from the land by a body of water known as a lagoon. Some ancient reefs are now landlocked, created when the sea evaporated. с A coastal plain is a strip of land adjacent to the ocean d Shorelines or beaches are long narrow deposits of well-sorted sand. e Sand dunes are formed by wind in both desert and coastal environments. f A trench is a deep channel in the seabed. g A ridge is a submarine range of mountains, including volcanoes, which sometimes appear above the surface of the ocean. h A delta is a mass of sediments deposited by a river flowing into a large body of water, such as a lake or ocean. i A continental shelf is a shallow platform extending into the ocean from the beach. j A continental slope is steeper than a shelf and lies between the shelf and the ocean bed. k A submarine canyon is a narrow eroded channel through a shelf or slope. Task 7. Retell the text «Viability assessment». Задание 7. Перескажите текст «Viabilityassessment». Практическое занятие 18 Petroleum Traps Нефтяные ловушки structural trap структурная ловушка stratigraphic trap стратиграфическая ловушка reservoir rock порода-коллектор fault трещина fold складка syncline синклиналь anticline антиклиналь, антиклинальная складка impenetrable rock непроницаемая порода angular unconformity угловое несогласие в напластовании limestone известняк shale сланец truncation перерыв, усечение pinch-out выклиниваться, сжимать salt dome соляной купол Task 1. Read and translate the text: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: The geology of petroleum traps There are two basic types of petroleum traps – structural and stratigraphic. Structural traps occur when reservoir rock layers are deformed, such as in a fault or a fold. In a fault trap, a rift occurs in the rock, causing the layers to slip and tilt in one direction or another at the point of deformation, meaning that the migration of oil through a particular layer is halted. There are two types of folds – synclines and anticlines. Of these, normally only anticlines become petroleum traps. An anticline occurs when rock layers form an arch-like structure and the petroleum migrates to the highest point and is prevented from moving further by an overlying bed of impenetrable rock. Stratigraphic traps can be formed by the deposition of reservoir rock, by an angular unconformity, or by a change in the porosity of the sedimentary layer. Examples of depositions include a river channel sandstone or a limestone reef encased in shale. One example of an angular unconformity is when an angular sedimentary layer is truncated, or cut off, by a horizontal layer. This is known as a truncation. Another, which is called a pinch-out, is where the sedimentary layer is trapped between two other layers when they meet at a point. Petroleum reservoirs can also be created by traps which are both structural and stratigraphic. These are called combination traps. An example of this is a salt dome, where a layer of salt pushes upwards and deforms the surrounding layers. Task 2. Read this dialogue and answer questions. Act out the dialogue: Задание 2. Прочитайте диалог и ответьте на вопросы. Разыграйтедиалогпоролям: |