Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов Издание шестое, стереотипное
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Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: Какой вид автомобиля наиболее перспективен для общественного транспорта будущего? Какие примеры применения электроники в автомобиле приводятся в тексте? Transport for Tomorrow One thing is certain about the public transport of the future: it must be more efficient than it is today. The time is coming when it will be quicker to fly across the Atlantic to New York than to travel from home to office. The two main problems are: what vehicle shall we use and how can we plan our use of it? There are already some modern vehicles which are not yet in common use, but which may become a usual means of transport in the future. One of these is the small electric car: we go out into the street, find an empty car, get into it, drive to our destination, get out and leave the car for the next person who comes along. In fact, there may be no need to drive these cars. With an automatic guid ance system for cars being developed, it will be possible for us to se lect our destination just as today we select a telephone number, and our car will move automatically to the address we want. For long journeys in private cars one can also use an automatic guidance system. Arriving at the motorway, a driver will select the lane1 he wishes to use, switch over to automatic driving, and then relax — dream, read the newspaper, have a meal, flirt with his pas senger — while the car does the work for him. Unbelievable? It is already possible. Just as in many ships and aircraft today we are pi loted automatically for the greater part of the journey, so in the fu ture we can also have this luxury in our own cars. A decade ago, the only thing electronic on most automobiles was the radio. But at present sophisticated electronics is playing a big part in current automotive research. For example, in every gasoline-powered2 car that General Motors Corporation makes there is a small computer continuously monitoring the exhaust. The device, about the size of a pack of cigarettes, adjusts the vehi cle carburetor fuel intake3 to get the best fuel economy. Ford cars are equipped with an electronic instrument panel that, among other things4, will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank. It will also estimate the time of arrival at destination and tell the driver what speed he has averaged5 since turning on the ignition. According to specialists these features made possible by micro electronics are only the beginning. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions, and a display screen may show the car’s position on the road. Recently a radar to be mounted on lorries and cars has been designed in the USA. The radar aerial looks like a third head light placed directly above the bumper. Having summed up the in formation about the speed and distance of various objects ahead, the computer detects all possible dangers and their nature. A third com ponent in the system is a monitor on the instrument panel. The radar only observes objects ahead of the vehicle. It is automatically turned on when the speed exceeds ten miles an hour. The green light on the panel indicates that the system is on. The yellow light warns of sta tionary objects ahead, or something moving slower than the car. The red light and buzzer warn that the speed should go down. Another red light and sound signal make the driver apply the brakes. A Japanese company is designing a car of a new generation. When completed, the new model will have a lot of unusual charac teristics. The car’s four-wheel control system will ensure move ment diagonally and even sideways, like a crab, at right angles to the longitudinal axis. This is especially important when leaving the car in parking places. To help the driver get information while con centrating on the road, the most important data will be projected on the wind screen. A tourist travelling in such a car will not lose his way even in Sahara with its impassable roads: a navigation Earth satellite will indicate the route. A new ceramic engine has been developed in Japan. Many im portant parts as pistons, pressure rings6, valves and some others have been made of various ceramic materials, piston rings7 made of silicon materials being in many respects better than those of steel. They withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C. Therefore, the engine does not need a cooling system. Notes to the Text
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 15. Просмотрите текст 7А и ответьте на вопросы. 1. What is the text about? 2. What kind of a car may be in com mon use in the near future? 3. How will a public electric car operate?
Упражнение 16. Укажите, какие из приведенных утверждений соответст вуют содержанию текста 7А. 1. An automatic guidance system was developed for the electric car. 2. Small electric cars are in common use. 3. Many ships and aircrafts are piloted automatically for the greater part of the jour ney. 4. Usually having arrived at a motorway, a driver switches over to automatic control and relaxes. 5. A decade ago there were many electronic things in the cars. 6. There is no future for microelec tronics in automobiles. 7. Recently a radar to be mounted on lor ries and cars has been designed in the USA. 8. A new ceramic engine has been developed in France. Упражнение 17. Найдите и тексте 7А причастия в функциях определения и обстоятельства (см. 3, 5 и 6-й абзацы), независимые причастные обороты (см. 2-й и 7-й абзацы). Упражнение 18. Найдите причастия и переведите предложения. 1. Studying Newton’s work «Principia», a young physicist dis covered a mistake in the calculations. 2. Having designed a car ra dar, the engineers started complex tests. 3. While driving a car one should be very attentive. 4. A new electronic instrument will calcu late how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank. 5. The engine tested showed that it needed no further improvement. 6. Scientists are experimenting with a system allowing drivers to see better after dark. 7. The system being tested will increase the safety and fuel ef ficiency of a car. 8. Having been tested, the computer system was installed at a plant. 9. Soon the night-vision system designed will be available. 10. The synthetic magnet has a lot of valuable qualities that can be changed, if desired. 11. Recently there have appeared battery-powered cars. 12. The radar used was of a completely new design. 13. Having been heated, the substance changed its proper ties. 14. Being provided with batteries an electric car can develop a speed of 50 miles an hour. 15. When mass produced, electric cars will help solve ecological problems of big cities. 16. A defect unde tected caused an accident. 17. Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars. Упражнение 19. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным обо ротом, переведите. 1. The first engines appeared in the 17th century and people be gan using them to operate factories, irrigate land, supply water to towns, etc. 2. The steam engine having been invented, a self-pro pelled vehicle was built. 3. The supply of steam in the car lasting only 15 minutes, the vehicle had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam. 4. After the German engineer N. Otto had invented the gasoline engine, the application of this engine in motor cars be gan in many countries. 5. The cars at that time were very small, the engine being placed under the seat. 6. Motorists had to carry a sup ply of fuel, because there were no service stations. 7. Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 8. Cars with internal combustion engines having appeared, the automobile industry began to develop rapidly. 9. By 1960 the number of cars in the world had reached 60 million, no other industry having ever de veloped so quickly. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова. dangerous, automotive, longitudinal, automatically, present, nature, motorist, enrol, enrolment, guidance, average, current, ig nition, diagonally, calculate, impossible, graduate, village, public, garage, useful, usefulness. Упражнение 21. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на значение суф фикса -er/ -or. driver, sensor, starter, monitor, microprocessor, detector, tran sistor, carburetor, user, transmitter, lecturer, generator. Упражнение 22. Назовите производные слова от глаголов, переведите. navigate, generate, stimulate, estimate, innovate, investigate, regulate. Упражнение 23. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать следующие слова в словаре: companies, easier, accordingly, better, creating, biggest, cried. Упражнение 24. Сгруппируйте из слов пары: а) синонимов regulate, modern, want, select, use, current, wish, average, ad just, choose, mean, apply; б) антонимов unbelievable, cooling, continuous, passable, heating, believ able, discontinuous, impassable. Упражнение 25. Переведите предложения и запомните различные значе ния слова since. 1. Since 1770 there were many brilliant inventions in the auto mobile industry. 2. The production of motor cars in Great Britain was stopped since there were severe speed limits. 3. In early days many of the cars broke since transmissions were still unreliable and often went out of operation. 4. Since conventional headlights are not very effective, a new system has to be developed. 5. Since the French engineer Gugnot invented the first self-propelled vehicle in 1770, the automobile industry developed very rapidly. 6. The num ber of chemical elements known to science has grown considerably since Mendeleev created his Periodic Table in 1871. Упражнение 26. Переведите предложения и запомните значение слова too (слишком) перед прилагательным. 1. The task is too difficult for them. 2. The size of the device is too big now. 3. The difference in temperatures was too great. 4. The old system is too complicated. 5. A sensor mechanism for a car is too large at present. Упражнение 27. Переведите предложения и запомните значения слов future и further. 1. In the future it will be possible to use more channels on every TV set via satellite and cable TV. 2. Scientists throughout the world were quick to realize the importance of the radio and contributed much to its further development. 3. The subjects that the students study in the first and the second years are very important for their future speciality. 4. The use of computers in cars is a further step in improving safety on the road. 5. I’ll give you further instructions tomorrow. Упражнение 28. Заполните пропуски словами only или the only, переве дите предложения.
18th century. 3 way to achieve good results is to apply one’s knowledge to practical work. 4. The revolution in science and technology affects not ... economically developed countries, but also developing countries. 5. Multi-cylinder engines came into use ... after World War II. 6. The motor car has not ... brought mobility to millions of people, but also has polluted the atmo sphere. 7. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but... for a few seconds. 8 .... requirement for plastic steel is that it must be rich in carbon. 9. The Library of Congress serves not... to Members of the Congress, but also to libraries throughout the US and the world. |