Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов Издание шестое, стереотипное
 Скачать 1.44 Mb.
|
|
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о трех способах навигации и применяемых для этого устройствах. Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going? Scientists who are concerned with such a problem generally agree that birds have some kind of so-called «second sense» that al lows them to fly over land and water without getting lost. Indeed, birds are always able to find their destinations and make a return fly without any trouble at all. But people need help in finding their destination when piloting their own airplanes. This, of course, is called navigation. Navigation is the art of finding your way from where you start to your destination. Whether used by the seamen, explorer or the pilot, navigation falls into three basic categories: dead reckoning (счисление пути) which is the basis for all navigation, celestial navigation which is flying by the aid of the sun and other stars, and radio and radar navigation. Several different kinds of aeronautical maps provide all the de tails which might be needed by the pilot. And hundreds of radio navigation stations are located at different places around the world to help guide the pilot. All the pilot needs to do is to tune to these radio transmitters and he will get the directional signals he needs. Distance measuring equipment now used in many airplanes tells the pilot exactly how far he is from a radio station and at what speed he is travelling over the ground. When certain types of weather prevent the pilot from seeing the ground, additional radio transmitters let him make his approach to an airport by simply watching his flight instruments and his radio receiver indicators. These receivers help the pilot descend on the runway, thus landing at an airport even though he cannot see the ground. At the world’s larger air terminals airplanes are provided with radar guidance as another means of guiding the pilot to the destina tion. With the help of an electronic transponder (ретранслятор) in each airplane which shows it on the radar screen, radar controllers guide hundreds of airplanes to landing. Because of the great improvement in electronic and radio navi gation equipment, flying to where you are going is done as effi ciently as the birds do it and much more scientifically. Text 8D Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о Нью-Йорке, культурном, финансовом и промышленном центре США. New York Situated at the mouth of the deep Hudson River, New York has always been the gate of the USA. But it is more than just a door: it is also a window through which the life of the whole nation may be observed. New York is a city of striking social contrasts. It is a place where most of the millionaires live and at the same time a greater proportion of New Yorkers live at a lower level than the average for the US. In 1626 Dutch colonists set up here the first settlement, named New Amsterdam. They bought Manhattan Island from In dians for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum. The Americans say that it was the best business deal ever made in New York. In 1664 the colony was captured by British fleet under Duke of York and re named New York. Now New York includes five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. Manhattan is the smallest of the five city boroughs in size and it is not the largest in population although the majority spend a con siderable part of the day in this center of business life. Here are Broadway, Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. This is the heart and source of American policy. Harlem is also in Manhattan. Thick walls separate this «Black Bottom» with 450,000 coloured people from the white population. In the bay stands the bronze Statue of Liberty given to the United States by France as a present in 1886. Its torch is 60 meters high and can be seen at night for many miles. A new American Mu seum of Immigration is open at the base of the Statue. The Bronx is a more residential rather than industrial part of the city. The well-known Zoo and Botanic Gardens are in the Bronx. Queens is both a residential and industrial area. New York’s two biggest airports are both there. The Brooklyn Navy Yard is the largest naval shipbuilding cen ter in the world. Brooklyn has more people than any other part of the city — about 3,000,000. It is mostly a district of middle-class people. Richmond is the borough of piers and warehouses. Its popula tion is only 200,000. What rnakes New York? First of all, it is a great seaport, the greatest in the USA. The sea encircles many of the city areas. It is also a great financial center, where «money-making» is the main law of life. It is the symbol of big business and its Wall Street has become a tiickname for big monopolies all over the world. New York is the leading textile center of the country and its clothes in dustry. It has a considerable printing industry and many book-shops; It is also undoubtedly one of the centres of social and spiritual lifV of America. There are a lot of Art Galleries, among them rich Henry Frick collections, and many impressive art muse ums (Metropolitan Museum, Modern Art Museum, American Art Museum and others). For a long time New York specialized in giv ing visitors a good time at its theatres, restaurants, night clubs, sporting arenas, and therefore has a large hotel industry. It is the main publishing, advertising and radio center with Columbia and New York imiversities and various city colleges. Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of al most all nations. The population of New York numbers about 16 million. Th ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст, найдите герундий и причастие насто ящего времени, переведите. In most capital cities built long before the time of the private car there is, rarely enough space for moving traffic, and certainly not enough for parking vehicles. Buses move slowly because of the great volume of traffic, thus encouraging more people to give up (отказаться) using public transport. Banning traffic from some ar eas may he.lp, but such a solution may not actually make less the number of wars coming into the city. The new city cannot survive (выжить) without building a series of ring roads. During the work ing hours o.f the day, there is the constant noise of traffic, but at night the center is almost empty. The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic prob lems is to пке more widely public transportation. Buses require fewer parkinig lots, make less noise and use less road space per pas senger than private cars. They consume less fuel, causing less air pollution. Some environmentalists dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing cars with bicycles. In some countries there are extensive networks of bicycle paths, which make cycling a safe and enjoyable form of transportation. Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте словосочетания и выберите для выделен ных слов соответствующие тексту 8А значения.
В. Найдите в тексте 8A слово с тем же значением, что и Juel (см. 4-й абзац). Упражнение 3. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения вы деленных слов. Virtual Laboratory Expands NASA Research NASA has successfully concluded tests on a computer generated virtual laboratory that will allow researchers, located anywhere in the world, to study potentially dangerous aircraft and spacecraft situations without risking human life. The lab can enable research organizations to collaborate long distance without having to be physically present at the world’s larg est flight simulator at Ames Research Center, California. It could also be used by universities, research laboratories and industry to develop a wide variety of products beyond the aerospace field. Fu ture uses of the laboratory being considered include designing new spacecrafts and training astronauts. The simulator is able to move airplane and spaceship cockpits in all directions, including 60 feet vertically and 40 feet horizon tally. There are five interchangeable cockpits that are used to simu late the Space Shuttle, helicopters, airplanes and other aerospace vehicles. The simulator creates a convincing environment for a pilot and is controlled by computers programmed to represent each aircraft proposed. Computers calculate correct aircraft response when a pilot changes simulator cockpit controls. In real time, responses by the simulator include cockpit motion, images in the windshield, sounds and control readouts. Simulations are monitored from the control lab at ARC. The virtual laboratory and the «world» it cre ates exist partly in computer memory and other physical gear. Recently, astronauts made simulated Space Shuttle landings using a huge motion simulator at ARC while NASA engineers in Houston monitored the sessions using the three-dimensional «world» that includes video screens, computer video, two-way video conferencing, remote data access and a pilot’s out-the- window scene.
remote ... space long ... aerospace ... shuttle ... screen air ... conference ... memory human ... out-the-window ... ... access ... world wind ... research ... time |