Учебник для бакалавров. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция

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UNIT 5. CONTRACTS

1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. 
   What is a contract?
   
2. 
   Have you ever entered into a contract?
   
3. 
   Decide on items that you think should be included in a contract. Don`t worry about the exact terminology yet.
   
4. 
   Do you think contracts should be written in plain language so that everybody could get the point or should be comprehended only by legal professionals?
   

Contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two (or more) parties.

How is a Contract Formed?

Before a contract can be formed, there must be both an offer and an acceptance of that offer. Sounds simple? It`s not; lawyers everywhere have earned millions of dollars in fees arguing just whether or not a valid contract existed.

In common law, contracts are formed in the following manner.

1. 
   an offer in made by a person or corporation normally referred to as an offeror;
   
2. 
   the offer is then accepted (acceptance) by a person or corporation normally referred to as an offeree.
   

Let’s reduce what we’ve learned about contracts to a formula:
Offer + acceptance = bona fide (valid) contract
If the parties are (a) competent, (b) mutually agree and obligate themselves regarding a specific subject, and (c) there is legal consideration
The contract is binding (legally enforceable) if only there are these four elements:

1. 
   competent parties;
   
2. 
   legal subject matter;
   
3. 
   legal consideration;
   
4. 
   mutuality of agreement; and
   
5. 
   mutuality of obligation.
   

The absence of any of these elements may render (make) a contract unenforced

2. 
   Просмотрите следующий контракт.
   

BILL OF SALE

Dated:
, referred to as “SELLER”, sells, bargains and conveys all of SELLER’S rights, title and interest in:

Make: Model: Style of the vehicle: Year of vehicle:

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
to, referred to as “BUYER”, his heirs and assigns.
acknowledges receipt of a total of $

(& no/100 Dollars) from




BUYER, in partial payment of the agreed total sales price of $

,

(& no/100 Dollars).
, SELLER, shall remain fully liable for any undisclosed liens or encumbrances. SELLER,, warrants that there are no liens or encumbrances on the goods sold, and that _`s title to the goods is clear and merchantable.

SELLER, shall defendfrom any advance claims to SELLER`s title to the goods sold.

The goods sold herein are not sold by a merchant in the field. THESE GOODS ARE SOLD WITHOUT U.C.C. WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, including MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS

FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The BUYER,, acknowledges examining the goods sold herein. The provision may be applicable, and legal rights may vary between states.

The parties agree to the terms and conditions stated herein:

, SELLER (signature)

(typed name)
, BUYER (signature)

(typed name)

2. Прочитайте контракт еще раз и решите, является ли он обязательным для обеих договаривающихся сторон. Назовите четыре элемента контракта.

competent parties subject matter legal consideration

mutuality of agreement and obligation_
Составление контракта - сложная и ответственная часть предпринимательской деятельности. На практике используются различные виды контрактов, что определяется товаром, но большинство контрактов содержит вступительную часть (recitals or exordium) и базовые статьи

предмет контракта цена (consideration)

оплата (remuneration or payment) обязанности сторон

санкции

освобождение от ответственности (legal relief) порядок урегулироваия споров (arbitration)

дата вступления контракта в силу (effective date) прочие условия (miscellaneous terms)

изменения и дополнения к контракту (amendments)

2. Образец контракта на переводческие услуги.

CONTRACT

IT Company Translation/Consulting Company

represented by represented by

Mr. TED Verner Ms Elis White

Deputy Director Deputy Director

hereinafter called ”The Company” hereinafter called ”The Consultant” on the one hand on the other hand
have agreed as follows:

1. Work to be taken

The Consultant undertakes, on the conditions, within the limits and in the manner laid down by common agreement hereafter excluding any accessory verbal agreement:

• 
  the translation from English into Russian of the present magazine BusinessEnglish
  

(issues No to be specified in his paragraph in each contract);

• 
  the reading and correction necessary for the “final corrected proof” version of BusinessEnglishto be available for the printer.
  

2. Technical specifications.

The text shall be translated into Russian and delivered on paper and on diskette, software Word.

3. Planning

The Consultant undertakes to translate the text and submit it to the Company within one month from the date of receipt of the first text.

The agreed timetable must be respected (Attachment 1).

4. Practical points

The English manuscript must serve as a model; it is important that the presentation be the same in the Russian version: bold type for titles, same paragraphs and page break at the end of the article, etc.

The checking of the proofs must be done with great care: punctuation, word separations at line ends, capital letters accents, printer’s errors, coherence of rules and typographical choices.

The Consultant will take the necessary measures to ensure the above timetable will be followed during any absences.

5. Remuneration

In return for fulfillment by the consultant of all his obligations under this contract the Company undertakes to pay a lump sum of $XXX for each issue.

The Company accepts no liability in case of a Consultant’s sickness or accident under this contract.

Where appropriate the Consultant should insure himself against such risks.

The sum will be transferred in favour of the Consultant to:

(title and address of the Consultant) Beneficiary account;

Beneficiary bank:

6. Rights

The Consultant cedes to the Company the exclusive right to publish, or to have reproduced and published, in whatever country, texts translated by him and submitted to the Company under the contract.

7. Responsibility

The Consultant is responsible for the translation in Russian.

8. Breach of contract

The Company is entitled to regard as breach of contract failure by the Consultant to perform his duties under the contract.

9. Amendments

The provisions of this contract may be amended only by written agreement between the parties.

10. Arbitration of disputes

Any disputes between the Company and the Consultant regarding the terms of execution of this contract shall – failing a friendly settlement between parties – be submitted to arbitration in accordance with international laws.

Done in two copies in English at London this day of 2^nd April, 2004 On behalf of………….

Signatures

Прочитайте контракт и назовите:

• 
  услуги, которые обязан предоставить переводчик;
  
• 
  сроки исполнения договора;
  
• 
  условия оплаты
  
• 
  прочие условия.
  

GLOSSARY

agenda – повестка дня

on the agenda – на повестке дня

to put on the agenda – включить в повестку дня

to call on smb. to do smth. – призывать к-л. к чему-либо

to call on UN members to furnish armed forces – призывать страны-члены ООН сформировать вооруженные силы
to convene a Summit – созывать Саммит
diplomatic relations – дипломатические отношения

to establish diplomatic relations – установить дипломатические отношения to sever diplomatic relations – разорвать дипломатические отношения severance of diplomatic relations – разрыв дипломатических отношений
human rights – права человека

pursuit (observance) of human rights – соблюдение прав человека human rights violations – нарушения прав человека

to promote respect for human rights – содействовать уважению прав человека

to take up human rights issues – рассматривать вопросы о нарушениях прав человека
to maintain – сохранять

to maintain peace – сохранить мир

to maintain the truce – сохранять перемирие
mediation – посредничество

to undertake mediation – предпринять посреднические меры
peace – мир

international (world) peace – глобальный мир

to achieve world peace – добиться глобального мира to preserve world peace - сохранить мир во всем мире to be a threat to peace – быть угрозой миру

to threaten peace – угрожать миру to restore peace – восстановить мир a breach of peace – нарушение мира
to secure – обеспечить

to secure ceasefire – обеспечить прекращение огня security – безопасность

international security – международная безопасность
to settle – решать

to settle disputes by peaceful means – решать споры мирным путем

to settle disputes through negotiations – решать спорные вопросы путем переговоров

PART IV CHAPTER 7

THE SYSTEM OF LAW CLASSIFICATIONS AND BRANCHES OF LAW