Лаба. Англ. Учебное пособие Москва Издательство мгту им. Н. Э. Баумана 2022 удк 81 378(075) ббк 81. 2 Англ С00
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Computer Components Computers are made up of different components, all doing an individual job or function. Inside a computer, there are five main components: the motherboard, the central processing unit, random access memory, storage, and power supply. without these five parts, you simply don’t have a computer. The Motherboard. The motherboard, sometimes referred to as the Mainboard or simply MoBo, is a large printed circuit board. Its job is to connect all the devices on your computer to each other. Everything inside and outside of the PC connects to the motherboard, and through the motherboard, to every other component. When you plug in a mouse or keyboard, your screen, any USB device such as a printer, speakers or a microphone, they are all plugging into the motherboard. If we look closely at the motherboard, we will see that it has lines running all over it. These lines are very fine copper wires. Some of the wires are carrying power for the components that they’re connecting to. Some of them are carrying data signals, the ones and zeros, around the computer. It’s these wires that allow the various parts of a computer to communicate with each other. The Central Processing Unit. The Central Processing Unit, sometimes called the CPU or just Processor, is the brains of the machine. Virtually everything you do on your computer runs through the CPU. The CPU is mounted onto the motherboard in a socket. Most of the time it’s simply plugged in, but occasionally it’s soldered into place. Looking carefully at the lines (wires) on a motherboard, you’ll see that most of them lead to the processor, either directly or indirectly. It’ the CPU that actually runs all the programs on your computer, including Windows itself. You can think of it as being rather like the human body, where everything is connected to the brain through the central nervous system. Random Access Memory, often called RAM or simply Memory, is the space in which the CPU works. Now RAM is often confused with storage. The space in which you’ll save all your stuff is generally called Storage. It’s easy to get the two confused. RAM, or Memory, provides an area for the CPU to work in. The CPU has to process everything you see on screen, but it simply can’t handle the sheer weight of data flooding into it. In human terms, think of RAM as being a desk. You’re working away, and you’ve got several folders open at the same time. Now we’re getting to the component that we use to save all our files onto it. Inside a computer, all your documents, pictures, music, etc., are saved onto a device called a hard drive. Hard drives can be called hard disks, local disks, CDs, storage drives/disks, they all refer to the same thing. There are different types of hard drives these days. Still the most common type is the traditional "spinning" type of drive. These hard drives offer huge capacities of storage space. The second type is called Solid State Drives (SSD). SSD’s come in a variety of formats, but they all have one thing in common, speed. SSD’s are much faster than traditional spinners. They don’t have any moving parts at all, they are completely electrical. SSD’s can store and retrieve your data (files) much faster than spinners but are more expensive. It consists of a bank of flash memory that can hold a reasonable amount of data. While SSD’s are increasing in size all the time, they aren’t cost-effective for storing large amounts of data. The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is the final part of the puzzle. Its function is, as its name suggests, to supply the computer with enough electrical power to operate. PSU’s act as a sort of transformer. They take in power from the power outlet in your home, which will be either 110v or 240v AC, and transform it to 12v, 5v, and 3.3v DC, which your computer uses. Modern power supply units also offer protection circuitry for your computer. Overvoltage, overpower, under-voltage, short circuit, and thermal protection. So, that’s the main parts of a PC. It would work, it would compute. OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENTS 35. Grammar Revision. Open the brackets. Use the Infinitive or Gerund. 1. Before you start (work) on the computer, adjust the height of you chair. 2. You can press escape key to stop the computer (do) something. 3. Teenagers like (visit) social networking sites. 4. Do not forget (shut down) the computer when you finish. 5. (post) is a new way of sharing your thoughts online. 6. Click on this icon (launch) Google Chrome. 7. She hates (chat) online. She prefers (live) communication. 8. Be careful not (download) anything from this suspicious website! 9. People should learn how (protect) themselves from phishing.10. Go on (study) maths if you want (become) a programmer. 11. We tried (resume) the Internet connection by ourselves but then we called the ISP support call center. 12. Thank you for (lend) me your flash drive. - Are you sure? I do not remember (give) you any. 36. Grammar Revision. Choose the most appropriate form of the Infinitive. 1. We expect him ______ tomorrow. arrive be arriving to arrive 2. You can’t make him ______ it. do doing to do 3. We are ready ______. to be beginning to begin to have begun 4. This report must ______ as soon as possible. It’s urgent! be sent have been sent have sent 5. I asked him, but he pretended ______ and didn’t answer. read to be read to be reading 6. You should ______ them an hour ago. call have been called have called 7. It was impossible ______ at his jokes. not to laugh to laugh not to not laugh 8. Wait till he finishes his speech. He doesn’t like ______ while he is speaking. to be interrupted to have interrupted to interrupt 9. He is said ______ for London already. to be left to have been left to have left 10. She watched him ______ slowly toward the parking lot. be walking to walk walk 37*. Grammar Revision: Verbals. Choose the most appropriate answer. 1. The adoption of the new technology seems ______ the demand for skilled workers. to have increased to be increasing has increased 2. The most innovative of the projects are likely ______ governmental support. to have received to receive have received 3. At present the computer technologies on our planet are considered ______ at a faster rate than ever before. to evolve to be evolving to have evolved 4. In a scientific abstract, students are expected ______ a brief overview of their paper. give to have given to give 5. The recent discovery had the scientific community ______ their approach to certain issues. to reconsider to have reconsidered reconsider 6. The experiment was too complicated for students ______ without supervision. to carry it out to be carrying it out carry it out 7. He was made ______ the importance of the new theory. to acknowledge b) acknowledge c) to have acknowledged 8. You have the right ______ it. doing done to do 9. The idea ______ there alone scares her. being gone going of going 10. I warned you ______ anything here. not to touch not touched to touch not 11. There is only one question ______. Let’s discuss it quickly. for remaining remained remaining 12. They look forward ______ you. having seen seeing to seeing 13. ______ the door, he put the key into his pocket. By locking Having locked To lock 14. I don’t mind ______ a few questions. What do you want to know? asking being asked to be asked 15. We have no reason ______ that he will come back. having believed of believing to believe 16. His telephone was disconnected because he forgot ______ for it. having paid paying to pay 17. ______ what he was doing there, the man turned left without saying a word. Asked Asking Having asked 18. He suggested ______ at a small roadside inn. being stopped stopping to stop 19. It is difficult ______ mistakes in such constructions. avoiding making avoiding to make to avoid making 20. Two witnesses claim ______ the suspect in the nearby area before the crime. for seeing to have seen to see 38. Grammar Revision. Make infinitives (with or without “to”) or gerunds (add “-ing”) of the verbs in brackets to make the following sentences grammatically correct. 1. She doesn’t allow ______ in the house. (smoke) 2. I’ve never been to Iceland but I’d like ______ there. (go) 3. I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me ______? (do) 4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn’t let me ______it. (read) 5. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed ______ (go) 6. Where would you recommend me ______ for my holidays? (go) 7. I wouldn’t recommend ______ in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat) 8. The film was very sad. It made me ______ (cry) 9. Carol’s parents always encouraged her ______ hard at school. (study) 10. When I’m tired, I enjoy ______ television. It’s relaxing. (watch) 11. It was a nice day, so we decided ______ for a walk. (go) 12. It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy ______ for a walk? (go) 13. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind ______ (wait) 14. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford ______ out very often. (go) 15. I wish that dog would stop ______ It’s driving me mad. (bark) 16. We were hungry, so I suggested ______ dinner early. (have) 17. Hurry up! I don’t want to risk ______ the train. (miss) 18. I’m still looking for a job but I hope ______ something soon. (find) 39. Vocabulary Revision. Complete the sentences with the words from the list: hardware, programs, desktop publishing programs, retrieved, spreadsheets, communications programs, keys in / types in, mainframe computer, IBM compatible, word processing, accounting programs, database management programs, saved, Personal Computer, network, software, graphics. Computer 1. ______ consists of a CPU, a monitor, a keyboard, a printer, and other connections. The 2. ______ contains the various 3. ______ you run on your computer. The most common programs used in business are those for 4 ______ (writing letters, documents), 5. ______ (for budgets and financial analysis), 6. ______ (for keeping names and addresses of customers), 7. ______ (for book-keeping), 8. ______ programs (for drawing charts), 9. ______ (for electronic mail). 10. ______ (for producing manuals, catalogues). The operator 11. ______ the information which can be 12. ______ and 13. ______ at a later date. Most businesses nowadays use 14. ______ or PCs, which are often linked together in a local 15. ______. This is a big change from the days when time had to be rented on a 16. ______. Nowadays these are only used by very large businesses, universities, or Government departments. The most popular types of computers currently are those of IBM and Apple (the Macintosh). It was IBM who set the standard for the PC which others later imitated. That is why, in order to be able to use the widest range of software, a computer has to be 17. ______. 40*. Enlarge your vocabulary on modern IT technology: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences. 1. This particular model offers handwriting ______. If you write something in your handwriting, it will convert it into text. recognition reclamation reconnaissance 2. This ______ as an outlet for a USB or data cable. = This can also function as an outlet for a USB or data cable. splits doubles seconds 3. This surveillance system allows you to ____ your cameras through the internet. assess click access 4. Some believe that the open source era is coming to _____. = Some believe that the open source era is about to end. an end an ending a finish 5. Her programming skills are top-______. = She has great programming skills. heavy notch hat 6. We’ve witnessed some ________ technological progress. = We’ve witnessed some incredible technological progress. reproachable ravishing remarkable 7. I’ve programmed many sites. = I’ve _______ many sites. codified give code to coded 8. It seems there has been a bit of a _________. = We didn’t properly communicate our needs to each other. misinformation miscommunication mist 9. Their website really ________. = Their website became really successful. took off took out took away 10. An elaborate navigation bar = A _________ navigation bar fancy funny fantastic 41. Fill in the gaps by choosing the best option. Auxiliary Storage Devices What is required is some form of additional (auxiliary) storage for all the programs and data whereby they can be retained on a permanent basis. These auxiliary storage devices (also called secondary or backing stores) are (1) _______. Information stored on them can be used time and time again, as with LP (2) _______ which can be played over and over again without losing the original. On such devices, information may be held (3) _______ in a computer system. When information on a magnetic device is required, it must be passed into the main or (4) _______ of the CPU before it can be processed. In other words, only a copy of the information is (5) _______, leaving the original version still intact. There are two main types of auxiliary storage device, magnetic tape and (6) _______. One large tape can hold between 10 and 40 million (7) _______; a large magnetic disc may (8) _______ in excess of 200 million characters. Some people get worried about the vast volume of information held on auxiliary storage devices. They feel that, since the main memory is limited in (9) _______, the information which flows into it from auxiliary devices might flood or swamp the main memory. This could indeed be the case. However, programmers have to organize the information held on secondary storage devices into smaller (10) _______ or blocks as they are more formally called.
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