21 урок для 21 века. Урок для xxi века yuval Noah Harari 21 lessons for the 21st century copyright 2018 by Yuval Noah Harari
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7. Национализм 1 Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014). 2 Ashley Killough, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s “Daisy” Ad, Which Changed the World of Politics, Turns 50’, CNN, 8 September 2014, http://edition.cnn. com/2014/09/07/politics/daisy-ad-turns-50/index.html, ссылка акту- альна на 19 October 2017. 3 ‘Cause-Specific Mortality: Estimates for 2000—2015’, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/ estimates/en/index1.html, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017. 4 David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, ‘To counter Russia, US signals nuclear arms are back in a big way’, New York Times, 4 February 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/us/politics/trump-nuclear-russia. html ссылка актуальна на 6 February 2018; US Department of Defense, ‘Nuclear Posture Review 2018’, https://www.defense.gov/News/Special- Reports/0218_npr/ ссылка актуальна на 6 February 2018; Jennifer Hansler, ‘Trump Says He Wants Nuclear Arsenal in “Tip-Top Shape”, Denies Desire to Increase Stockpile’, CNN, 12 October 2017, http:// edition.cnn.com/2017/10/11/politics/nuclear-arsenal-trump/index.html, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017; Jim Garamone, ‘DoD Official: National Defense Strategy Will Enhance Deterrence’, Department of Defense News, Defense Media Activity, 19 January 2018, https:// www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1419045/dod-official-national- defense-strategy-will-rebuild-dominance-enhance-deterrence/, ссылка актуальна на 28 January 2018. 5 Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). 6 Elizabeth Kolbert, Field Notes from a Catastrophe (London: Bloomsbury, 2006); Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (London: Bloomsbury, 2014); Will Steffen et al., ‘Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet’, Science 347:6223, 13 February 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855. 7 John Cook et al., ‘Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature’, Environmental Research Letters 398 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА 8:2 (2013); John Cook et al., ‘Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming’, Environmental Research Letters 11:4 (2016); Andrew Griffin, ‘15,000 Scientists Give Catastrophic Warning about the Fate of the World in New “Letter to Humanity”’, Independent, 13 November 2017, http://www. independent.co.uk/environment/letter-to-humanity-warning-climate- change-global-warming-scientists-union-concerned-a8052481.html, ссылка актуальна на 8 January 2018; Justin Worland, ‘Climate Change Is Already Wreaking Havoc on Our Weather, Scientists Find’, Time, 15 December 2017, http://time.com/5064577/climate-change-arctic/, ссылка актуальна на 8 January 2018. 8 Richard J. Millar et al., ‘Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5 C’, Nature Geoscience 10 (2017), 741– 747; Joeri Rogelj et al., ‘Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 245–252; Akshat Rathi, ‘Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals’, Quartz, 21 September 2017, https://qz.com/1080883/the-breathtaking-new- climate-change-study-hasnt-changed-the-urgency-with-which-we- must-reduce-emissions/, ссылка актуальна на 11 February 2018; Roz Pidcock, ‘Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC's New Carbon Budget’, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013, https://www.carbonbrief.org/ carbon-briefing-making-sense-of-the-ipccs-new-carbon-budget, ссыл- ка актуальна на 11 February 2018. 9 Jianping Huang et al., ‘Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 166–171; Thomas R. Knutson, ‘Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change’, Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 157–163; Edward Hanna et al., ‘Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change’, Nature 498 (2013), 51–59; Tim Wheeler and Joachim von Braun, ‘Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security’, Science 341:6145 (2013), 508–513; A. J. Challinor et al., ‘A Meta-Analysis of Crop Yield under Climate Change and Adaptation’, Nature Climate Change 4 (2014), 287–291; Elisabeth Lingren et al., ‘Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change’, Science 336:6080 (2012), 418– 419; Frank Biermann and Ingrid Boas, ‘Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Change’, Global Environmental Politics 10:1 (2010), 60–88; Jeff Goodell, The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2017); Mark Lynas, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet (Washington: National Geographic, 2008); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism 399 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ vs. Climate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014); Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction, op. cit. 10 ‘Russia's Putin Says Climate Change in Arctic Good for Economy’, CBS News, 30 March 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/russia-putin- climate-change-beneficial-economy-1.4048430, ссылка актуальна на 1 March 2018; Neela Banerjee, ‘Russia and the US Could be Partners in Climate Change Inaction’, Inside Climate News, 7 February 2017, https:// insideclimatenews.org/news/06022017/russia-vladimir-putin-donald- trump-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement, ссылка актуальна на 1 March 2018; Noah Smith, ‘Russia Wins in a Retreat on Climate Change’, Bloomberg View, 15 December 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/ articles/2016–1215/russia-wins-in-a-retreat-on-climate-change, ссылка актуальна на March 1, 2018; Gregg Easterbrook, ‘Global Warming: Who Loses—and Who Wins?’, Atlantic (April 2007), https://www.theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2007/04/global-warming-who-loses-and-who- wins/305698/, ссылка актуальна на 1 March 2018; Quentin Buckholz, ‘Russia and Climate Change: A Looming Threat’, Diplomat, 4 February 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/russia-and-climate-change-a- looming-threat/, ссылка актуальна на 1 March 2018. 11 Brian Eckhouse, Ari Natter and Christopher Martin, ‘President Trump slaps tariffs on solar panels in major blow to renewable energy’, 22 January 2018, http://time.com/5113472/donald-trump-solar-panel-tariff/, ссыл- ка актуальна на 30 January 2018. 12 Miranda Green and Rene Marsh, ‘Trump Administration Doesn’t Want to Talk about Climate Change’, CNN, 13 September 2017, http://edition. cnn.com/2017/09/12/politics/trump-climate-change-silence/index. html, ссылка актуальна на 22 October 2017; Lydia Smith, ‘Trump Administration Deletes Mention of “Climate Change” from Environmental Protection Agency’s Website’, Independent, 22 October 2017, http://www. independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump- administration-climate-change-deleted-environmental-protection-agency- website-a8012581.html, ссылка актуальна на 22 October 2017; Alana Abramson, ‘No, Trump Still Hasn’t Changed His Mind About Climate Change After Hurricane Irma and Harvey’, Time, 11 September 2017, http://time.com/4936507/donald-trump-climate-change-hurricane-irma- hurricane-harvey/, ссылка актуальна на 22 October 2017. 13 ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, https:// europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_ establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, ссылка актуальна на 23 October 2017. 400 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА 8. Религия 1 Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 148. 2 ‘Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home’, The Holy See, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/ en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato- si.html, ссылка актуальна на 3 December 2017. 3 Впервые упоминается Фрейдом в работе «Цивилизация и ее тя- готы»: Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 61. 4 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853–1964 (New York: Modern Library, 2003). 5 Robert Axell, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (London: Longman, 2002). 6 Charles K. Armstrong, Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 6:3 (2005), 383–394; Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’, International Security 35:1 (2010), 44–74; Paul French, North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula, 2nd edn (London, New York: Zed Books, 2007); Andrei Lankov, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Young Whan Kihl, ‘Staying Power of the Socialist “Hermit Kingdom”’, in Hong Nack Kim and Young Whan Kihl (eds.), North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival (New York: Routledge, 2006), 3–36. 9. Иммиграция 1 ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016’, UNHCR, http://www. unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf, ссылка актуальна на 11 January 2018. 2 Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https:// www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration- proposal-as-bringing-people-from-shithole-countries, ссылка актуаль- на на 11 February 2018. 3 Tal Kopan, ‘What Donald Trump Has Said about Mexico and Vice Versa’, CNN, 31 August 2016, https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/31/politics/ donald-trump-mexico-statements/index.html, ссылка актуальна на 28 February 2018. 401 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ 10. Терроризм 1 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/many-people-killed-terrorist- attacks-uk/; National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2016), Global Terrorism Database [Data file]. По данным https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd; http://www. cnsnews.com/news/article/susan-jones/11774–number-terror-attacks- worldwide-dropped-13—2015; http://www.datagraver.com/case/people- killed-by-terrorism-per-year-in-western-europe-1970-2015; http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary.org/statistics-on-incidents-of-terrorism-worldwide; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Erin Miller, Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database (London: Routledge, 2015); Gary LaFree, ‘Using open source data to counter common myths about terrorism’ in Brian Forst, Jack Greene and Jim Lynch (eds.), Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 411–442; Gary LaFree, ‘The Global Terrorism Database: Accomplishments and challenges’, Perspectives on Terrorism 4 (2010), 24–46; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Research on terrorism and countering terrorism’ in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 413– 477; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Introducing the global terrorism database’, Political Violence and Terrorism 19 (2007), 181–204. 2 ‘Deaths on the roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015’, World Health Organization, ссылка актуальна на 26 January 2016; https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html; ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’, World Health Organization; http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/ road_traffic_deaths/atlas.html; http://www.who.int/violence_injury_ prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/; http://www.newsweek. com/2015—brought-biggest-us-traffic-death-increase-50-years-427759. 3 http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable- diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics; http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstr eam/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1; https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/27/more-than-million- died-due-air-pollution-china-one-year. 4 О битве см. Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War. Myths and Reality (London: Headline, 2001), 137–164. 5 ‘Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000’, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/ Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20 402 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА Violence%20and%20Terrorism%20sinc.aspx, ссылка актуальна на 23 October 2017. 6 ‘Car Accidents with Casualties, 2002’, Central Bureau of Statistics (на иврите), http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/acci02/acci02h.pdf, ссылка актуальна на 23 October 2017. 7 'Pan Am Flight 103 Fast Facts’, CNN, 16 December 2016, http://edition. cnn.com/2013/09/26/world/pan-am-flight-103-fast-facts/index.html, ссылка актуальна на 23 October 2017. 8 Tom Templeton and Tom Lumley, ‘9/11 in Numbers’, Guardian, 18 August 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/usa.terrorism, ссылка актуальна на 23 October 2017. 9 Ian Westwell and Dennis Cove (eds.), History of World War I, vol. 2 (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002), 431. О битве при Изонцо см.: John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport: Praeger, 2001), 217–218. 10 Sergio Catignani, Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army (London: Routledge, 2008). 11 ‘‘Reported Rapes in France Jump 18% in Five Years’, France 24, 11 August 2015, http://www.france24.com/en/20150811-reported-rapes-france- jump-18-five-years, ссылка актуальна на 11 January 2018. 11. Война 1 Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 14—19; ‘Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012’, World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/ gho/data/node.main.RCODWORLD?lang=en, ссылка актуальна на 16 August 2015; ‘Global Study on Homicide, 2013’, UNDOC, http://www. unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_ web.pdf; ссылка актуальна на 16 August 2015; http://www.who.int/ healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html. 2 ‘World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil-Exporting Countries’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 April 2017, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2017/ world-military-spending-increases-usa-and-europe, ссылка актуальна на 23 October, 2017. 3 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/egypt/popup/telel4.htm. 4 Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 131. 403 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ 5 ВВП рассчитывался на основе статистики МВФ по паритету по- купательной способности: International Monetary Fund, ‘Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, 2017’, https://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx, ссылка актуальна на 27 February 2018. 6 http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-making-50–million-a- month-from-oil-sales-2015–10. 7 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003); Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy (London: Vintage, 2014). 12. Скромность 1 http://www.ancientpages.com/2015/10/19/10—remarkable-ancient- indian-sages-familiar-with-advanced-technology-science-long-before- modern-era/; https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/31.html; http:// mcknowledge.info/about-vedas/what-is-vedic-science/. 2 Эти цифры и соотношения видны на следующей диаграмме: Conrad Hackett and David McClendon, ‘Christians Remain World’s Largest Religious Group, but They Are Declining in Europe’, Pew Research Center, 5 April 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/ christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are- declining-in-europe/, ссылка актуальна на 13 November 2017. 3 Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (New York: Pantheon, 2012); Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press, 2013). 4 Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, ‘Wild Justice — Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play’, American Journal of Play 1:4 (2009), 451–475. 5 Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape (London: Granta, 2005), ch. 5. 6 Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 157. 7 Эта история легла в основу документального фильма «Шимпанзе», выпущенного Disneynature в 2010 году. 8 M. E. J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws (London, New York: T&T Clark International, 2000), 29–31. 9 Loren R. Fisher, The Eloquent Peasant, 2nd edn (Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2015). 10 Некоторые раввины, оригинальным образом интерпретируя Талмуд, считают допустимым нарушать святость субботы ради 404 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА спасения жизни нееврея. Они утверждают, что, если евреи не бу- дут спасать неевреев, неевреи разгневаются и станут нападать на евреев и убивать их. Поэтому, спасая нееврея, вы косвенным обра- зом спасаете еврея. Тем не менее даже этот аргумент показывает, что жизнь еврея и жизнь нееврея наделяются разной ценностью. 11 Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World (London: Macmillan, 2017). 12 Charles Allen, Ashoka: The Search for India’s Lost Emperor (London: Little, Brown, 2012), 412–413. — Пер. В. Вертоградовой. 13 Clyde Pharr et al. (eds.), The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 440, 467–471. 14 Там же, особенно 472–473. 15 Sofie Remijsen, The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 45–51. 16 Ruth Schuster, ‘Why Do Jews Win So Many Nobels?’, Haaretz, 9 October 2013, https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/1.551520, ссылка актуаль- на на 13 November 2017. 13. Бог 1 Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015). 2 Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). |