21 урок для 21 века. Урок для xxi века yuval Noah Harari 21 lessons for the 21st century copyright 2018 by Yuval Noah Harari
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3. Свобода 1 Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https:// www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, accessed 7 January 2018. 2 Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999). 3 Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party — the European Party’, NewStatesman, 29 March 2017, https://www. newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new- party-european-party, accessed 1 March 2018. 4 Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies- accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/, accessed 3 September 2017; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016, https:// www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris- johnson-tory-morning, accessed 3 September 2017. 389 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ 5 James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m- not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing- Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html, accessed 3 September 2017. 6 В 2017 году исследователи из Стэнфорда разработали алгоритм, который якобы определяет сексуальную ориентацию человека с точностью 91% только на основе нескольких фотографий его лица (https://osf.io/zn79k/). Но алгоритм разрабатывался на основе фото- графий, которые люди выбирали сами для загрузки на сайты зна- комств, и поэтому он мог идентифицировать различия в культур- ных идеалах. Это не значит, что выражение лица геев обязательно отличается от выражения лица у людей традиционной ориентации. Скорее геи, размещающие свои фото на сайте знакомств для геев, пытают соответствовать другому культурному идеалу, чем люди традиционной сексуальной ориентации, публикующие свои фото- графии на соответствующих сайтах знакомств. 7 David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E. Lance and Robert J. Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York, London: Routledge, 2009), 309–336; Delroy L. Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self-Report Method’ in Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley and Robert F. Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007), 228–233. 8 Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your- emotions-1422472398, accessed 6 September 2017. 9 Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/ technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better- than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/, accessed 10 December 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your- emotions-1422472398, accessed 10 December 2017; Sophie K. Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–620. 390 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА 10 Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’, AI & Soc, 10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4. 11 Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’, Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search- facebook, accessed 6 September 2017. 12 Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/ story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/, accessed 1 March 2018. 13 Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman- follows-gps-ends-up-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8- aecc501faaa5, accessed 1 March 2018; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016, http://www.news.com.au/technology/ gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd09 4651afc63f853a1, accessed 1 March 2018. 14 Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, http:// www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_ killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, accessed 6 September 2017. 15 Joel Delman, ‘Are Amazon, Netflix, Google Making Too Many Decisions For Us?’, Forbes, 24 November 2010, https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/24/ amazon-netflix-google-technology-cio-network-decisions.html, accessed 6 September 2017; Cecilia Mazanec, ‘Will Algorithms Erode Our Decision-Making Skills?’, NPR, 8 February 2017, http://www.npr. org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/02/08/514120713/will-algorithms- erode-our-decision-making-skills, accessed 6 September 2017. 16 Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rawhan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–1576. 17 Christopher W. Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536–554. 18 John M. Darley and Daniel C. Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–108. 19 Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation 391 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–1555; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–181. 20 Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/ technology/2014/may/10/job-hunting-big-data-interview-algorithms- employees, accessed 6 September 2017. 21 Необычайно глубокую дискуссию на эту тему см. в Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016). Эту работу обязатель- но следует прочесть тем, кого интересует потенциальное влияние алгоритмов на общество и политику. 22 Bonnefon, Shariff and Rawhan, ‘Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’. 23 Vincent C. Müller and Thomas W. Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13. 24 Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans. Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16. По меньшей мере одно свидетельство эмоционального состояния солдат см. в Herbert Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M. Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25. 25 Robert J. Donia, Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015). См. также: Isabella Delpla, Xavier Bougarel and Jean-Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, and Responsibilities (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012). 26 Noel E. Sharkey, ‘The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare’, International Rev. Red Cross 94 (886) 2012, 787–799. 27 Ben Schiller, ‘Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?’, Fast Company, 21 February 2017, https:// www.fastcompany.com/3068167/algorithms-control-our-lives-are-they- benevolent-rulers-or-evil-dictators, accessed 17 September 2017. 392 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА 28 Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.), Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (London: Routledge, 2011); Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine (London: Routledge, 2015); Torin Monahan (ed.), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge, 2006); Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ‘E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian case’, British Journal of Criminology, 52:1 (2012), 55—72; Or Hirschauge and Hagar Sheizaf, ‘Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism’, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz. co.il/magazine/.premium-1.4124379, accessed 17 September 2017; Amos Harel, ‘The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions’, Haaretz, 18 June 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4179886, accessed 17 September 2017; Neta Alexander, ‘This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories’, 31 March 2016, https://www. haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-MAGAZINE-1.2899665, accessed 12 January 2018; Amos Harel, ‘Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet’, Haaretz, 16 April 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4024578, accessed 15 January 2018; Alex Fishman, ‘The Argaman Era’, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, 6. 29 Yotam Berger, ‘Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of “Good Morning” in His Facebook Page’, Haaretz, 22 October 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.4528980, accessed 12 January 2018. 30 William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2000). 31 O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, цитируемая работа; Penny Crosman, ‘Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?’, American Banker, 27 September 2016, https://www.americanbanker. com/news/can-ai-be-programmed-to-make-fair-lending-decisions, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017. 32 Matt Reynolds, ‘Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly’, New Scientist, 29 May 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/ mg23431195—300-bias-test-to-prevent-algorithms-discriminating- unfairly/, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017; Claire Cain Miller, ‘When Algorithms Discriminate’, New York Times, 9 July 2015, https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/upshot/when-algorithms-discriminate. html, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017; Hannah Devlin, 393 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ ‘Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias’, Guardian, 19 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ technology/2016/dec/19/discrimination-by-algorithm-scientists-devise- test-to-detect-ai-bias, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017. 33 Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit. 34 Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 100. 4. Равенство 1 ‘Richest 1 Percent Bagged 82 Percent of Wealth Created Last Year — Poorest Half of Humanity Got Nothing’, Oxfam, 22 January 2018, https:// www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018-01-22/richest-1- percent-bagged-82-percent-wealth-created-last-year, ссылка актуаль- на на 28 February 2018; Josh Lowe, ‘The 1 Percent Now Have Half the World's Wealth’, Newsweek, 14 November 2017, http://www.newsweek. com/1-wealth-money-half-world-global-710714, ссылка актуальна на 28 February 2018; Adam Withnall, ‘All the World’s Most Unequal Countries Revealed in One Chart’, Independent, 23 November 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/credit-suisse-global- wealth-world-most-unequal-countries-revealed-a7434431.html, ссылка актуальна на 11 March 2018. 2 Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016). 3 Cara McGoogan, ‘How to See All the Terrifying Things Google Knows about You’, Telegraph, 18 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ technology/0/see-terrifying-things-google-knows/, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017; Caitlin Dewey, ‘Everything Google Knows about You (and How It Knows It)’, Washington Post, 19 November 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/11/19/ everything-google-knows-about-you-and-how-it-knows-it/?utm_term=. b81c3ce3ddd6, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017. 4 Dan Bates, ‘YouTube Is Losing Money Even Though It Has More Than 1 Billion Viewers’, Daily Mail, 26 February 2015, http://www.dailymail. co.uk/news/article-2970777/YouTube-roughly-breaking-nine-years- purchased-Google-billion-viewers.html, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017; Olivia Solon, ‘Google’s Bad Week: YouTube Loses Millions As Advertising Row Reaches US’, Guardian, 25 March 2017, https://www. theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/25/google-youtube-advertising- extremist-content-att-verizon, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017; 394 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА Seth Fiegerman, ‘Twitter Is Now Losing Users in the US’, CNN, 27 July 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/27/technology/business/twitter- earnings/index.html, ссылка актуальна на 19 October 2017. 5. Сообщество 1 Mark Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, 16 February 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global- community/10154544292806634/, ссылка актуальна на 20 August 2017. 2 John Shinal, ‘Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook can play a role that churches and Little League once filled’, CNBC, 26 June 2017, https://www.cnbc. com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook-to-church-little- league.html, ссылка актуальна на 20 August 2017. 3 http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook- to-church-little-league.html; http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/22/ facebook-has-a-new-mission-following-fake-news-crisis-zuckerberg- says.html 4 Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 5 См., например, Pankaj Mishra, Age of Anger: A History of the Present (London: Penguin, 2017). 6 Общий обзор и критику см. в Derek Y. Darves and Michael C. Dreiling, Agents of Neoliberal Globalization: Corporate Networks, State Structures and Trade Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016). 7 Lisa Eadicicco, ‘Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day’, Time, 15 December 2015, http://time.com/4147614/smartphone-usage- us-2015/, ссылка актуальна на 20 August 2017; Julie Beck, ‘Ignoring People for Phones Is the New Normal’, Atlantic, 14 June 2016, https:// www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/ignoring-people-for- phones-is-the-new-normal-phubbing-study/486845/, ссылка актуальна на 20 August 2017. 8 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit. 9 Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/, ссылка актуальна на September 3, 2017. 10 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit. 11 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/04/facebook-uk- corporation-tax-profit; https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/ sep/21/tech-firms-tax-eu-turnover-google-amazon-apple; http://www. wired.co.uk/article/facebook-apple-tax-loopholes-deals. 395 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ 6. Цивилизация 1 Организация, запрещенная в Российской Федерации. — Прим. ред. 2 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); David Lauter and Brian Bennett, ‘Trump Frames Anti-Terrorism Fight As a Clash of Civilizations, Defending Western Culture against Enemies’, Los Angeles Times, 6 July 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump- clash-20170706—story.html, ссылка актуальна на 29 January 2018. Naomi O’Leary, ‘The Man Who Invented Trumpism: Geert Wilders’ Radical Path to the Pinnacle of Dutch Politics’, Politico, 23 February 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/the-man-who-invented-trumpism-geert- wilders-netherlands-pvv-vvd-populist/, ссылка актуальна на 31 January 2018. 3 Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin, 2013); Mishra, Age of Anger, цитируемая работа; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Muslim Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London: The Bodley Head, 2017). 4 ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, https:// europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_ establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, ссылка актуальна на 18 October 2017. 5 Phoebe Greenwood, ‘Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards’, Guardian, 15 November 2011, https://www. theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/jerusalem-mayor-battle-orthodox- billboards, ссылка актуальна на 7 January 2018. 6 http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/orthodox-publications-wont- show-hillary-clintons-photo/ 7 Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC — 1492 AD (New York: Ecco, 2014), 190–197; Hannah Wortzman, ‘Jewish Women in Ancient Synagogues: Archaeological Reality vs. Rabbinical Legislation’, Women in Judaism 5:2 (2008), http://wjudaism.library. utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism/article/view/3537, ссылка актуальна на 29 January 2018; Ross S. Kraemer, ‘Jewish Women in the Diaspora World of Late Antiquity’ in Judith R. Baskin (ed.), Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991), esp. 49; Hachlili Rachel, Ancient Synagogues — Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 578–581; Zeev Weiss, ‘The Sepphoris Synagogue Mosaic: Abraham, the Temple and the 396 21 УРОК ДЛЯ XXI ВЕКА Sun God — They’re All in There’, Biblical Archeology Society 26:5 (2000), 48—61; David Milson, Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 48. 8 Ivan Watson and Pamela Boykoff, ‘World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism’, CNN, 10 May 2016, http://edition.cnn. com/2016/05/10/asia/indonesia-extremism/index.html, ссылка акту- альна на 8 January 2018; Lauren Markoe, ‘Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology’, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/ muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html, ссылка актуальна на 8 January 2018; о письме см.: ‘Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi’, http://www. lettertobaghdadi.com/, ссылка актуальна на 8 January 2018. 9 Chris Perez, ‘Obama Defends the “True Peaceful Nature of Islam”’, New York Post, 18 February 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/02/18/obama- defends-the-true-peaceful-nature-of-islam/, ссылка актуальна на 17 October 2017; Dave Boyer, ‘Obama Says Terrorists Not Motivated By True Islam’, Washington Times, 1 February 2015, http://www. washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/1/obama-says-terrorists-not- motivated-true-islam/, ссылка актуальна на 18 October 2017. 10 De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op. cit. 11 Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 100. 12 Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies (Hackensack: World Scientific, 2009), 23. 13 John K. Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250—1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 110. 14 Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud’, CNN, 14 April 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/09/ world/iraq-isis-heritage/index.html, ссылка актуальна на 18 October 2017. 15 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), 36–38. 16 ‘ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq’, CBCNEWS, 1 July 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-leader- calls-for-muslims-to-help-build-islamic-state-in-iraq-1.2693353, ссылка актуальна на 18 October 2017; Mark Townsend, ‘What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?’, Guardian, 12 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/ |