В. Н. Бгашев е. Ю. Долматовская английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей учебник
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Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания с их русскими эквивалентами. to emerge — появляться, sale — аукцион, braking system — тормозная система, to keep up with changes — следить за изменениями Прочитайте текст и выберите заглавие к нему. Development of Engineering Science and Engineering Engineering Specialties TEXT В One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering specialties. By the end of the nineteenth century not only were mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering established but the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering also emerged. This growth in the number of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear, petroleum, and electronic engineering. Many of these are subdivisions of earlier specialties — for example, electronic from electrical engineering or petroleum from chemical. Within the field of mechanical engineering the major subdivision is industrial engineering which is concerned with complete mechanical systems for industry rather than individual machines. Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various processes and materials available to him/her and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education. Because of the large number of engineering fields today there are often many different kinds of engineers working on la^ge projects such as the development of nuclear power or new aircraft. In the design of a new aircraft mechanical engineers work not only on the plane’s engines but on other mechanical aspects such as the braking system. When the aircraft goes into production mechanical and industrial engineers are involved in designing the machines necessary to fabricate the different parts as well as the entire system for assembling them. In both phases of such a project mechanical engineers work with specialists in fields such as aerospace and electronic engineering. Each engineer is a member of a team often headed by a systems engineer able to combine the contributions made by all the different disciplines. Another result of the increase of scientific knowledge is that engineering has become a profession. A profession is an occupation like law or medicine that requires specialized advanced education. Today it requires at least four or five years of university study leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. More and more often engineers, especially those engaged in research, get an advanced master’s or doctor’s degree. Even those engineers who do not study for advanced degrees must keep up with changes in their profession. A mechanical engineer who does not know about new materials cannot successfully compete with one who does. DISCUSSION Вы ознакомились с содержанием текста. Как вы поняли из контекста значение словосочетаний industrial engineer, systems engineer? Суммируйте информацию текста, завершив следующие высказывания соответствующими окончаниями из правого столбца. Engineering is based on... a) to the growth in the number of The rapid increase of scien- engineering fields. tific knowledge leads... b) that each engineer keeps up with Another result of the increase changes in his profession. of scientific knowledge is... c) a large number of different kinds Profession is an occupation... of engineering specialties. Because of the large number d) that requires specialized ad- of engineering fields the de- vanced education, velopment of a complex mech- e) that engineering has become a anism requires... profession. Дополните составленный вами рассказ информацией из текста “The Engineering Profession” и сделайте сообщение на тему “Engineering and Engineering Profession”. Step 3 A Бегло просмотрите текст А и скажите: а) связан ли он по тематике с предыдущими текстами данного цикла; б) в каких абзацах текста содержится информация о работе инженера; в) в каком абзаце текста расшифровывается понятие “the essential triangle”; г) раскрывает ли заглавие “The Essential Triangle” содержание текста. Предложите свои варианты заглавия. TEXT Л. THE ESSENTIAL TRIANGLE Technological and industrial progress depends on the scientist, the engineer and the technologist — an essential triangle. Each makes major contribution to progress. The engineer depends upon the scientist for new knowledge and upon the technologist for specialized assistance in translating engineering plans into operating reality. The pure scientist can make his contribution to progress through the investigation of the unknown. The interests of the research engineer are in the area of applied science and research. Scientists work in a world of generalizations and abstractions. The technologist, on the other hand, works in the real world of specific things and concrete objects. His problems are practical and they require practical solutions. He is more interested in how to do things. He must understand engineering tables and formulas and apply them in his work. The scientist, the research engineer, the technologist — all play an important role in the modern world. The principal work of the engineer is design. He has to design products, machines and production systems. Like the research engineer, the engineer asks “why?” Like the technologist, he is also concerned with “how?” The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist. He must have a basic knowledge of the sciences, and understanding of the abstract techniques of the research engineer and he should know much of the technology employed by technologists. Perhaps the most important function of the engineer is to integrate the work of the essential triangle. His interest must be in combining the abstract-theoretical world and the technical-practical world. TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS LANGUAGE STUDY а) Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и сочетания, составленные из интернациональных слов. Значения выделенных слов — «ложных друзей переводчика» — уточните по словарю. technological progress, industrial progress, specialized assistance, reality, abstraction, concrete object, specific, table, formula, role, modern, principal, to combine, basic, abstract techniques, function, to integrate б) Найдите предложения с данными словами и словосочетаниями в тексте и проверьте по контексту правильность выбранных вами значений. а) Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные от приведенных ниже глаголов, и уточните их значения. to know, to contribute, to assist, to investigate, to generalize б) Найдите в тексте глаголы, от которых образованы приведенные ниже существительные, и уточните их значения. requirement, combination, integration в) Переведите предложения с найденными вами существительными и глаголами на русский язык. Найдите в первом—четвертом абзацах английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний и слов. прикладная наука и исследования, главная работа, практические решения, применять, производственные системы, подобно, играть важную роль, зависеть от, проектировать машины GRAMMAR REVISION Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
Примечания: 1. Модальные глаголы не имеют форм инфинитива, не изменяются по лицам, не имеют многих форм, свойственных английскому глаголу. После модальных глаголов (кроме ought) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to. Модальные глаголы образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без помощи вспомогательного глагола. Can you do it? — No, I can’t. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов не только употребляются вместо соответствующих модальных глаголов, но и восполняют недостающие временные формы модальных глаголов: в таблице эту функцию выполняют первые приведенные по списку эквиваленты. |