В. Н. Бгашев е. Ю. Долматовская английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей учебник
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Подберите необходимые формальные показатели к следующим предложениям. 1. Cars with less toxic exhaust gases will have been used. 2. The first Russian automobile laboratory had been reorganized into the Automobile Research Institute. 3. This difficult problem hasn’t been solved. 4. Our students have been engaged in research under the guidance of instructors. Superplasticity of metal alloys has been discovered. 6. This astonishing phenomenon had been closely studied by Russian and foreign scientists. 7. What new designs will have been suggested by stylists? by 1920, lately, by 1980, yet, by the end of next year, this year, by the beginning of the next decade Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму времени, залога, вида, временной соотнесенности. 1. Our plant {to re-equip) recently with every facility for body work including cold stamping of the main body components. 2. New machines (to design) nowadays to deal with new problems which continually arise in modern industry. 3. More than half a century ago the phenomenon of superconductivity (to discover). 4. At present great progress (to make) in technical re-equipment of automobile transport. 5. This new model (to produce) by the Volzhsky Motor Works in Togliatti. 6. An all-plastic car (to exhibit) lately: nearly the whole car except the engine and transmission is of plastics or reinforced plastics. Задайте товарищу вопросы, к которым следующие положения могут служить ответами. 1. The characteristics of engineering materials affect manufacture and application of materials. 2. Mechanical properties of a material are of great interest to the engineer. 3. Superplasticity has been detected in a great number of metals and alloys. 4. Many Russian scientists have contributed to the solution of all these fundamental problems. Поставьте специальные вопросы к каждому абзацу текста. Определите, какие из данных высказываний соответствуют содержанию текста. 1. There are two main trends in modern machine-building: automation and raising of the reliability of machines. 2. The creation of “unmanned” industries is included into automation. 3. Machine modules and robots are not suited for “unmanned industries”. 4. Automation and raising of the reliability of machines require new technologies. 5. Advanced technologies are applied in most branches of engineering. 6. The service life of machine parts can’t be increased by strengthening treatment. 7. Hard alloy compounds are employed for coating components. 8. The process of designing can also be automated. This gives the advantage of optimizing solutions in design and technology. а) Изучите приведенную ниже диаграмму; б) Найдите в тексте А абзацы, соответствующие положениям схемы; в) Дополните диаграмму, если это необходимо.  What else? What else? DISCUSSION Ответьте на вопросы по теме “Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry”. 1. Name the main trends in modern machine-building. 2. What does automation include? 3. In what way can automation be achieved? What is the role of new technologies? 5. Give some examples of advanced methods for increasing the service life of machine parts. 6. How can the process of designing be improved? 7. What is the main task of the engineers and scientists developing new machines and technologies? Подготовьте сообщения по теме “TVends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry” (при подготовке воспользуйтесь диаграммой задания 23 и нижеприведенным активным словарем).
В Прочитайте заголовок и скажите о чем, по вашему мнению, пойдет речь в тексте. В каком абзаце говорится об исследованиях влияния трения на износостойкость деталей машин? В четвертом абзаце текста перечисляются способы проверки качества компонентов различных машин. Сколько именно способов? Найдите предложение, формулирующее определение «надежности» для решения задачи широкомасштабной автоматизации. TEXT В. RELIABILITY Reliability is a basic requirement of any instrument, plant or machine. The most ingenious machine is nothing but useless unless it is reliable. At present the main defect in any machine is the different service life of its parts. The first to break down are parts with friction, the most numerous in any machine. Until quite recently scientists differed in their explanations of why parts subjected to friction break. At present scientists are engaged in research into friction and wear- and-tear resistance. The results of their comprehensive research will extend the useful life of units with friction by thirty to fifty percent as compared with what we have now. Sufficient reliability and long service life of highly complicated automatic complexes, spaceships and assembly lines can be ensured by the high quality of their components, their accurate assembly and continuous checking while in operation, as well as by detecting faults as soon as they appear. This means that instruments are necessary for checking metal billets; all kinds of test installations and multiple switching control devices by which temperature, pressure and density in any part of a system may be inspected a number of times over a period of only one second. We need diagnostic systems and many different types of flaw detectors and sensors because, as is known, reliability is the key which opens the way to large-scale automation. DISCUSSION • Суммируйте информацию текста, дополнив таблицу.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 1. Why is the service life of different machine parts different? 2. What factors do the service life and reliability of complicated systems depend on? 3. In what ways can the quality of machine parts be inspected? Step 3 A Прочитайте текст и определите: а) о каких двух характерных чертах машиностроения XX века идет речь; б) в каком абзаце идет речь о повышении производительности сборочного конвейера; в) в связи с каким событием упомянуты в тексте 40-е годы XX века. TEXT A. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks. Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colours; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product. These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically. Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor. TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS LANGUAGE STUDY | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||