Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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Notes: vital organ [-vaitl'o:g3n] життєво необхідний орган loss of consciousness ['ktmjbsnis] втрата свідомості lead [li:d] призводити clammy ['klaemi] липкий, клейкий dilated pupils - розширені зіниці nausea [-no:sja] нудота vomiting ['vomitin] блювання faintness ['feintnis] непритомність dizziness [dizinis] запаморочення inch [intf] дюйм (міра довжини) roll [тої] повертати drain [drein] витікати splint fracture - накладати шину на перелом underneath [,Ands'ni:9] внизу; під anxiety [геп zaiati] тривога, стурбованість, занепокоєння Text 4 Spinal Injuries Any accident involving the neck or back must be considered a possible spinal injury. Permanent paralysis may be avoided if the injured person is immobilized and transported correctly. Signs of a spinal injury include:
If you suspect a spinal injury, do not move the person unless there is an immediate threat to life, such as fire. Don't drag victims from automobile accidents. If the person is in immediate danger, keep the head and neck supported and aligned while you move him to safety. If it was a diving accident, don't pull the injured person from the water as you may cause permanent damage. Float the person face up in the water until help arrives. The water will act as a splint and keep the spine immobile. If you suspect a spinal injury, call a health professional to transport the injured person. Notes: permanent paralysis - повний параліч bowels ['baoalz] кишки tingling ['tinglirj] відчуття дзвону drag [dreeg] тягнути, переносити у вухах diving accident - нещасний випадок при пірнанні (у воду) numbness [nAmnis] оніміння float [flaot] тримати(ся) на воді Text 5 Unconsciousness An unconscious person is completely unaware of what is going on and is unable to make purposeful movements. Fainting is a form of brief unconsciousness; a coma is a deep, prolonged state of unconsciousness. Causes of unconsciousness include stroke, epilepsy, heat exhaustion, diabetic coma, insulin shock, head or spinal injury, suffocation, drunkenness, shock, bleeding, and heart attack. Fainting is a partial loss of consciousness. Light-headedness is a mild form of shock, and is usually not serious. If it happens often, there may be a more serious problem. Dizziness and fainting can also be brought on by sudden emotional stress or injury. First Aid Make sure the unconscious person can breathe. Check for breathing and, if necessary, open the airway and begin rescue breathing. Keep the person lying down. Check the pulse. If there is none, call for help and start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Treat any injuries. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. Look for medical identification, such as a bracelet, necklace, or card that identifies a medical problem such as epilepsy, diabetes, or drug allergy. If the person has diabetes, he or she may have insulin shock (low blood sugar) or be in a diabetic coma (too much sugar in the blood). When to Call the Doctor If someone has completely lost consciousness. If unconsciousness follows a head injury. A head injury victim needs to be carefully observed. If a person with diabetes loses consciousness. Notes: completely [кзтр'НДІі] повністю unaware [,Ana'wF3] який не знає, не підозрює; непоінформований purposeful [-p3:p3sful] цілеспрямований brief [bri:f] короткий coma ['кзотз] кома (стан) exhaustion [ig'zDistfsn] виснаження suffocation [^sAfa'keiJan] задушення; ядуха drunkenness ['drAnksnis] алкогольне сп'яніння heart attack ['ha:t3,taek] серцевий напад partial ['pajlal] частковий light-headedness - легке запаморочення cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - відновлення роботи серця і легенів medical identification - медична ідентифікація drug allergy [dr.vg'aeta^i] алергія на ліки insulin shock — інсуліновий шок (низький вміст цукру в крові) diabetic coma - діабетична кома (збільшений вміст цукру в крові) Text б Cuts, Bleeding When you see a cut (laceration), the first steps are to stop the bleeding and determine whether or not stitches are needed. If stitches are not needed, you can clean and bandage the cut at home. Bleeding from minor cuts will usually stop on its own or with a little direct pressure. First Aid Wash the cut well with soap and water. Stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure over the wound for 10 to 15 minutes. Leave small cuts unbandaged, unless they will become irritated. They heal best when exposed to the air. If a cut needs bandaging, apply antibiotic ointment (Polysporin or Bacitracin). The ointment will keep the cut from sticking to the bandage. Do not use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, which can harm tissue and slow healing. Use an adhesive bandage (Band-Aid) to continue the pressure. Always put an adhesive strip across a cut rather than lengthwise. If the cut is long, use more than one bandage. Apply a clean bandage at least once a day, or when it gets wet. Leave the bandage off whenever possible. When to Call the Doctor If the cut needs stitches. They need to be done within eight hours. If a cut continues to bleed through bandages after 15 minutes or under direct pressure. If the person goes into shock, even if a bleeding has stopped. Stopping severe bleeding:
- watch for shock; - call in an ambulance or go to the emergency room if the bleeding has not been controlled after 15 minutes. Notes: stitches ['stitfiz] шви (на рані) maintain [rnein'tein] підтримувати; зберігати bandage ['bsendidS] (за)бинтувати; steady f'stedi] стійкий; міцний накладати пов'язку, пов'язка tourniquet ['tusnikei] турнікет, джгут irritated [iri'teitid] подразнений ambulance ['aembju:tans] машина швидкої допомоги heal [hi:l] виліковувати, загоювати (рани) adhesive strip [sd'hrsiv'strip] лейкопластир sticking - прилипання, приклеювання across [ak'ros] поперек gape [geip] зяяти (про рану) lengthwise ['lerjBwaiz] уздовж soak [saokj просочитися II. Independent Work: Future Tense There are a number of different ways of expressing the future. The form of the verb depends on whether the speaker is talking about what he/she intends to do (/ am going to get a job) or about a timetable (The term starts on September 10"'), and so on. Sometimes more than one form is possible, e.g. I'm leaving school OR I'll be leaving school. A. I'm going or I will? We use be going to for an instant intention: I'm going to get a job, I've decided. We're going to have a picnic. We also use be going to for a prediction based on the present: Look at the time. We 're going to be late. We use will for an instant decision: I feel really ill. - I'll call the doctor then. We '11 give you a lift. We also use will for a prediction about the future: I'll be free at five о 'clock. You '11 enjoy the course, I'm sure. We can often use either be going to or will for a prediction: We 're going to need some help OR We 41 need some help. B. I'm going or I do? We use the Present Continuous for an arrangement: I'm playing basketball tonight. I'm in the team. We use the Present Simple for a timetable: Weleave tomorrow morning at half past seven. We also use it after when, before, etc. I'll tell you when I see you. C. I'll be doing and I'll have done We use will be doing for an action over a period of future time: At this time tomorrow I'll be driving up the motorway. We use will have done for something that we will finish in the future: I'll have finished mv homework by eight о 'clock. We also use will be doing for the result of a routine: I'll be visiting my parents tomorrow. I visit them eveiy Sunday. D. Be about and be to We use be about to for the very near future: The plane is at the end of the runway. It is about to take off. Huriy up. The program is about to start. We use be to for an arrangement: The Queen is to visit Portugal in November. The Student Games are to take place in Melbourne next year. Exercise 1. Choose the correct verb form in the brackets.
3. I'd like a photo of Adrian and me. - Well, I one with your camera then. ('II take/'m going to take)
work. (I'll be using/I'll have used) Exercise 2. What do these people say? Pay special attention to the underlined words: Model: Maria is predicting a win for Italy in their next match. Maria: Italy will win their next match. 1. Bob intends to get up early tomorrow. Bob: I
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences:
LESSONS NINETEEN-TWENTY
(Ці резервні заняття можна використати для читання пізнавальних текстів та закріплення граматичного матеріалу, вивченого протягом семестру) І. Texts for Home Reading Text A Early Folk Medicine The "medicine" of prehistoric man1 was probably based on an animistic attitude towards disease. In this view, disease was caused by the devil2, influence of the enemy, a demon, a god3, an animal and it was to be treated by means of dislodging the malevolent cause4. Early man may have attributed disease to a separation of soul and body5. In any case, there doubtless arose the class of men who claimed skill in the art of healing6, and whose methods of treatment included dancing, grimacing, sleight of hand7, and all the tricks of the magician8. In some cases it was necessary to combine physical with physic methods; of this we have an excellent example in trephining, which originated as a means of permitting the escape of an evil spirit from the head of the victim, and which gradually became a method of treating skull fractures and various intracranial lesions9. Notes: '"medicine" of prehistoric man - доісторична медицина :to be caused by the devil - бути спричиненим злим духом 3god - бог 4to dislodge the malevolent cause - усувати лиху причину Reparation of soul and body - відокремлення душі від тіла 6art of healing - мистецтво лікування 7sleight of hand - жонглерство 8tricks of the magician - чаклунські трюки/хитрощі 'intracranial lesion [1і:зп] - внутрішньочерепне ураження Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Exercise 2. Write down new words in your vocabulary. Exercise 3. Ask questions based on the text. Text В Higher Education in Ukraine There are different institutes and universities in almost all large cities of Ukraine. They train various specialists using such forms of education as daytime, part-time and extramural. Young people between the age of 17 to 35 who have finished secondary or technical schools may enter universities or institutes. To enter there many applicants take competitive examinations. Those who show good results at the examinations become first-year students. During an academic year students must attend lectures on different subjects. They have practical classes and carry out laboratory experiments. At the end of each term students take end-of-term tests and examinations. From the second year many students begin to do their research work. Senior students acquire their professional skills working at different enterprises or institutions. Medical students have their practical training in different hospitals and polyclinics. On completion of study they take final examinations or present a graduation thesis. The course of study at most institutes lasts five years but doctors' training at some departments takes 6 years. After graduating from a medical institute young doctors work as interns during a certain period. Higher schools of Ukraine have international ties with schools of other countries. Many young people from abroad come to Ukraine to get higher education. Then they return to their countries to work. Our scientists have various contacts with specialists from many countries. They take an active part in numerous conferences, symposia, seminars which are held in Ukraine or abroad. These international contacts contribute a great deal to strengthening friendship and cooperation among the nations. Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Exercise 2. Answer the questions. 1. What forms of education do our institutes and universities use? 2. What age may young people enter an institute or a university at? 3. What examinations do applicants take to enter a higher educational establishment? 4. What must students do during the academic year? 5. When do a students take end-of-term tests and examinations? 6. Where do senior students acquire their professional skills? 7. Where do medical students have their practical training?
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