Етическойэффективности и исполь
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Norms and standards ■ Technical regulation on energy economy and heat retention in buildings (2015), ■ Technical regulation on chimneys in buildings (2015); ■ Technical regulation on HVAC systems (2015). Institutions ■ Ministry of Environment and Energy; ■ Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency; ■ Croatian Energy Market Operator (HROTE). ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE CAPACITY OF STAKEHOLDERS: Activities in public sector ■ Introduction of mandatory energy management for public sector buildings and services (public lighting); ■ Adoption and implementation of Government Programme for energy renovation of public buildings in period 2014-2015 and period 2016-2020. Programme has enabled energy renovation of public buildings on larger scale based on ESCO principle. In utilities, ESCOs, companies, etc ■ Regulation (prescribed model contracts and procedures for contracting energy services in public sector); ■ Programme for energy renovation of public buildings; ■ The market of energy consulting services and auditing companies were developed through obligations to perform energy audits in buildings and large companies. Energy audits are also a main prerequisite to apply for co-financing. Within financial services ■ Majority of improvements in capacity, primarily within the commercial banks in Croatia, came from technical assistance components of loan facilities provided by IFIs (i.e. EBRD, EIB, KfW, Green for Growth Fund). Loan facilities (i.e. WeBSEFF, WeBSEDEF, CroPSSF etc.) provided by IFIs, and implemented by commercial banks (largest in the market) had technical assistance as integral component of the Facility and it usually targeted end-users (SMEs, large private and public companies, and/or retail clients), as well as commercial bank’s staff. ■ Major banks are owned by big EU banking groups (i.e. Intesa Sanpaolo, Unicredit, RBA, Erste, SocGen etc.), which have in- house knowledge and expertise centers focusing on EE and RE, certain transfer of know-how happened on the Group level with spill-over effect to Croatian market. 89 Among end-users ■ Programmes for energy renovation of single-family houses and multi-apartment buildings, which enable energy renovation of residential buildings on large scale; ■ National financing from the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund; ■ EU structural funds used to stimulate EE in industry and services (tourism and trade). BEST PRACTICES DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED: Best policy practices Establishment of the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund for the purpose of financing of preparation, implementation and development of programmes and projects and similar activities in the field of conservation, sustainable use, protection and improvement of the environment, and in the field of EE and use of RE. The Fund is established as an extra-budgetary fund. Apart from ensuring national financing for EE and RE project, the Fund also has role in providing technical assistance to users from residential and public sector in preparation phase for co-financing from EU structural funds. Best practices in project development ■ Introduction of feed-in tariffs for electricity generation from RES installations (except large hydro power plants) in 2007, which led to significant increase of electricity generation from RES installations, especially from wind power plants. ■ For EE projects, various co-financing programmes, especially in building sector, which have led to development of many EE projects implemented by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund with national funding until 2016, while now available money from European Structural and Investment Funds is used for this purpose. There are 511 million EUR available for co-financing EE and RES projects in public sector, residential sector, industry, tourism and trade, public lighting and district heating. Best approaches to investment ■ The key trigger in promoting EE investments was ensuring co-financing options, in case of Croatia on both, national and EU level. This has generated much needed message of policy determination to market and has created interest and demand on end-user and financial services levels. ■ In case of RE projects, transparent and long-term (14 years) support mechanism (feed-in tariffs followed by soon – to be – introduced premium system) was a key for promotion of investments, as well as introduction of financing products and solutions. Innovative financing mechanisms ■ Use innovative financing instruments and mechanisms was limited in case of EE. Majority of EE investments were (co) financed using corporate (debt) financing mechanics. ■ In case of RE projects, innovative financing instruments came down to project financing and loan syndication. Limited amount of equity and mezzanine financing has been recorded, and limited number of ones exercised has been employed in cases of large, complex, usually syndicated projects. AWARENESS RAISING AMONG GENERAL PUBLIC: Raising awareness at national level ■ The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan envisaged the establishment of National Energy Efficiency Portal as a central point for informing all stakeholders about possibilities for improvement of EE and utilization of RE. ■ Several large national media campaigns related to EE and RE (energy renovation of single-family buildings, of multi- apartment buildings, on electric vehicles, on energy efficiency appliances). ■ The project “Removing barriers to energy efficiency in Croatia” (2005-2013) was the result of an initiative of Ministry of Economy with assistance from UNDP / GEF to promote new technologies and improvements of EE, and implement systematic energy management within the buildings of Croatian public sector, in order to reduce unnecessary consumption of energy and water and to encourage the use of EE products and systems. The project evolved in two national components: the “Systematic Energy Management in Cities and Counties in Croatia” for the local and regional level; and the Croatian Government Programme “House in Order” for the central government. Crucial for implementation of EE project was development of the methodology of Systematic Energy Management that includes local level capacity building through establishment and education of EE teams, the establishment of the Register of buildings as well as introduction of regular energy and water consumption monitoring and continuous data analysis by using the national Energy Management Information System. Raising awareness at local level ■ National Energy Efficiency Portal which also aims to inform regional and local governments and businesses about the importance of EE and RE, legal requirements and available programmes to encourage EE and RE projects implementation. ■ EE info centers established and operational in many local administrations, aiming to assist the citizens with advices on energy savings. Results of raising awareness The results of these activities are improvement of EE and higher utilization of RE. ПРОГРЕСС В ОБЛАСТИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ В ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ СТРАНАХ РЕГИОНА ЕЭК ООН AND FINANCED PROJECTS: Main incentives for development and implementation of projects ■ The main incentives for implementation of RE installations for electricity generation are feed-in tariffs; ■ The main incentives for implementation of EE and other RE projects are grants for part of investment costs through Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund and EU structural funds. If proposed projects fulfil criteria, defined by tender documentation, usually 40 per cent of investment costs could be covered by Croatian fund or for EU structural funds (in some cases 60 per cent or even 80 per cent). Government programmes and funds Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund is a national institution responsible for implementing financial support programmes in different sectors. It provides information on available possibilities for co-financing the EE improvements and the use of RE installations. The Fund also provides simple technical information and advices on possibilities that citizens, public and private sectors, have for improving EE or for introducing RE systems. Financing schemes EU structural funds are used for stimulating EE and RE projects in public buildings, residential buildings, industry, trade, tourism, public lighting and district heating (total allocation is 511 million EUR). Grants and loans are available. Commercial financing Majority of EE and RE project financing has been done using combination of project and (long term) corporate financing. Majority of large banks have introduced special purpose credit lines in retail segment of their business, usually dubbed “green” or “eco” credit lines. In SME and large corporate segment, as well as project financing, majority of projects have been financed by largest commercial banks in the market using (in most cases) specialized loan facilities provided by the international financial institutions (EBRD, EIB, KfW and specialized funds like GGF managed under Finance in Motion mandate). Biggest RE projects (i.e. large wind farms) have been financing on per-project basis using investment banking approach and products and very often as syndicate of two or more large commercial banks. Technical assistance for development and implementation of projects Provision of technical assistance to EE/RE projects boosts the development of project pipelines. Positive example of technical assistance for EE and RE projects development, especially in buildings, is activities of the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. The Fund has significant role in providing technical assistance, for project development and implementation, to users from residential and public sector in preparation for co-financing from EU structural funds. Energy service market The majority of ESCOs involved in EE/RE interventions on public buildings are construction companies. They suffer from limited competencies in providing energy service management and limited access to commercial bank financing. ESCO market started to develop, especially in the field of EE and RE projects in public lighting and in public buildings through Government programmes. 91 KAZAKHSTAN PROGRESS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SINCE 2010 POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR EE AND RE: Framework legislation ■ The Law on Gas and Gas Supply (came into force in January 2012); ■ The Law on Electricity (developed in 2009 and amended in 2011 and 2012); ■ The Law on Supporting the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (2013); ■ The Law on Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency (2012). Main policy documents ■ The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy, which defines the course for long-term economic development (2012); ■ The Green Economy Concept (2013); ■ The Action Plan for the Development of Alternative and Renewable Energy for 2013-20 (adopted in January 2013); ■ Programme of Wind Power Development to 2030; ■ The State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development for 2010–2014 (2010); ■ The Programme of Electricity Sector Development for 2010–2014 (2010); ■ Strategy Kazakhstan 2050 aimed to develop alternative and renewable energy sources (solar and wind) to reach 50% of power consumption by 2050; ■ The Concept of Fuel and Energy Sector Development to 2030. Selected secondary legislation Within the framework of the laws ‘On saving energy and improving energy efficiency’ and ‘On introducing amendments and addenda into some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on saving energy and improving energy efficiency’, more than 22 normative acts were adopted providing for: ■ introducing compulsive requirements on energy efficiency for all types of transportation means, electrical engines as well as buildings, structures and constructions and their design documentation; ■ introducing energy efficiency classes for buildings, structures and facilities and the rule for their definition and revisions; ■ adopting rules for conducting energy auditing at industrial enterprises and buildings. Norms and standards ■ The Law on Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency provides a legal, regulatory, and institutional framework for energy efficiency and savings measures. Measures include approval of some 3 000 energy standards and EE categories for buildings and household appliances. ■ Norms on energy consumption were introduced for all types of industrial production and services. All industrial enterprises should comply with these norms. Institutions ■ The Ministry of Energy; ■ The Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of Competition; ■ The Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna; ■ The National Fund is a state-run fund that comprises financial assets accumulated in government account with the National Bank of Kazakhstan. ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE CAPACITY OF STAKEHOLDERS: In utilities, ESCOs, companies, etc Approving rules for activities of training centers in retraining and improving skills of natural and legal persons conducting energy audit and (or) giving expert advices on saving energy as well as creating, introducing and organizing the energy management system. BEST PRACTICES DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED: Best policy practices The transition to market arrangements, such as auctions, reduced renewable electricity price and fostered further development of these sources in accordance with the established targets. ПРОГРЕСС В ОБЛАСТИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ В ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ СТРАНАХ РЕГИОНА ЕЭК ООН AND FINANCED PROJECTS: Main incentives for development and implementation of projects ■ According to the Electric Power Sector Law and the Law on Supporting Renewable Energy Sources the Center of Financial Settlement (CFS) buys all generated renewable power at feed-in tariffs. The choice of having CFS as single buyer of renewable power is driven by the desire to distribute the cost of renewable energy simply and evenly. The buyers of renewable power are not energy supply companies, but conventional power producers who pay for the renewable power in proportion to their output delivered to the grid. This out-of-the market treatment of RES that grants it financial, dispatch, and operational privileges is not uncommon globally, although the payment scheme is unique to Kazakhstan. However, together they have created the highest level of investment stability for developers in renewable generation. ■ Conventional power producers reimburse the cost of renewable power by including it into the cost of their power production. In other words, the cost of renewable power is accounted for during the price cap calculation. Essentially, the conventional power plants bear a joint responsibility for the mandatory payment for renewable power. Government programmes and funds ■ At the end of 2017 Kazakhstan approved the renewable auction rules for new projects: this is an electronic auction system managed by a dedicated operator to select new renewable projects, define electricity prices based on the national renewable location plan. According to the approved renewable capacity plan, the total capacity to be selected in 2018 is 1,000 MW, broken down by types as follows: 290 MW solar; 620 MW wind; 75 MW hydro; 15 MW biofuel. As a result of first auctions in spring 2018 the price fell as follows: Wind: 22.68 KZT/kWh, decreased by 17.49 KZT/kWh (20%); Solar: 34.61 KZT/kWh, decreased by 25.80 KZT/kWh (25.5%); Hydro: 16.17 KZT/kWh, decreased by 13.13 KZT/kWh (23%). ■ Approving typical voluntary agreements in the sphere of energy saving and improving EE to be concluded on the trilateral basis between the authorized body in the sphere of energy saving and improving EE, the regional akimat (local administration) and big industrial consumers of energy resources. For the entities concluding such agreements the local representative bodies will have the right not to raise the rates of payment for discharging emissions into environment; ■ Introducing the mechanism for evaluation of activities of local executive bodies on saving energy and improving energy efficiency; ■ Gradual introduction of incandescent lamps ban; ■ Procedure for organizing and conducting energy auditing is regulated by Rules for conducting energy auditing (GD RK № 1115 of August 31, 2012) ■ According to the law ‘On energy saving and improving energy efficiency’ the compulsory expertise of energy saving and improving energy efficiency is applied to the pre-design and (or) project (project-budgeting) documentation on construction of new or enlargement (capital repairs, reconstruction) of the existing buildings, structures and facilities with the volume of energy resources consumption of more than 500 tce (350 toe) for one calendar year. 93 NORTH MACEDONIA PROGRESS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SINCE 2010 POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR EE AND RE: Framework legislation ■ The Energy Law, adopted in 2011 and amended in 2013; ■ New Energy Law that transposes the Third Energy Package, adopted May 2018. Main policy documents ■ Strategy for Energy Development in the Republic of Macedonia until 2030 (2010); ■ Strategy for Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in the Republic of Macedonia until 2020; ■ National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the Republic of Macedonia until 2025 with Vision Until 2030 (2015, amended in 2017); ■ First National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2010); ■ Second NEEAP (2014); ■ Third NEEAP (adopted in July 2017, but still not published); ■ Energy Efficiency Strategy (2010). |