Пособие.Нач.тех.перевод. Учебнометодическое пособие Архангельск 2008
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2 Give Russian equivalents to the following English words and word-combinations: 2.1 the greatest generalization 2.2 the Periodic Table of Elements 2.3 to enter 2.4 to go abroad 2.5 scientific commission 2.6 to take part in the World Congress 2.7 to be elected 2.8 the Bureau of Weights and Measures 2.9 a great deal 2.10 the trends for the further development 2.11 the Periodic Law 2.12 drawing up 2.13 prominent work 2.14 inorganic chemistry 2.15 aqueous solutions 2.16 specific gravity 2.17 a citizen 3 Translate the sentences: 3.1 Д.И. Менделеев получил среднее образование в гимназии и окончил педагогический институт с отличием (с золотой медалью). 3.2 В 1859 году Менделеев защитил диссертацию и получил учёную степень. 3.3 Будучи профессором Петербургского университета, Д.И. Менделеев занимался научной и педагогической деятельностью в течение 23 лет. 3.4 Величайшим результатом творческих усилий Менделеева было открытие периодического закона и создание периодической таблицы химических элементов. 3.5 Великий учёный посвятил всю свою жизнь и энергию развитию науки и промышленности России. 4 Answer the following questions: 4.1 Who discovered the Periodic Law? 4.2 When and where was D.I. Mendeleyev born? 4.3 Where did Mendeleyev work? 4.4 What books did the great scientist write? 4.5 What fields of science did he work in? 5 Make up the plan to retell the text. Try to give all possible information about the greatest Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev. Topic 5 Famous Russian Scientists. M.V. Lomonosov Read and remember the following word-combinations from the text: to discourage a young scientist – обескуражить (сбить с пути) молодого учёного brilliant capabilities and hard work – блестящие способности и упорная работа a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences – полноправный член Российской Академии Наук tireless scientific and practical activities – неустанная научная и педагогическая деятельность to strike for breadth and diversity – поражать широтой и разнообразием to grasp in full and to appreciate – осознать в полной мере и оценить achievements in many spheres of science – достижения во многих сферах науки the Law of Conservation of Mass – Закон сохранения массы to formulate the fundamental law of chemical change of substance – сформулировать основной закон химического изменения вещества to develop a corpuscular theory of the structure of substance – развить молекулярную теорию строения вещества to anticipate the present-day theory of atoms and molecules – предвидеть (предопределить) сегодняшнюю атомно-молекулярную теорию outstanding Russian scientist – выдающийся русский учёный to emphasize the necessity – подчеркнуть необходимость to treat chemical phenomena – трактовать химические явления to explain chemical phenomena through the laws of physics – объяснять химические явления через законы физики to come to the conclusion on the question of – прийти к заключению по какому-либо вопросу the relation of thought to being – отношение сознания и бытия the promotion of Russian science – продвижение русской науки to become a major centre of Russian enlightenment and science – стать главным центром просвещения и науки России Text The Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born in 1711, in the village of Denisovka near the town of Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Gubernia, to the family of a fisherman. Taught to read and write by a literate fellow-villager, Lomonosov had soon read all the books he could obtain in his village. At the age of 17 he left his native village and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he succeeded to enter the Slav-Greek-Latin Academy, the only higher educational institution in Moscow at that time. Neither the conditions of work nor material difficulties discouraged young Lomonosov. His brilliant capabilities and hard work enabled him to complete the seven-grade curriculum of the Academy in four years. Lomonosov did not finish the last grade, as he was transferred together with eleven others of the best pupils to Petersburg to study at the University of the Academy of Sciences. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741, after his return to Russia Lomonosov was appointed Adjunct of the Academy in the class of physics and soon became a professor in chemistry and a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His tireless scientific and practical activities were striking for their breadth and diversity. “Only now, after two centuries have passed, can we grasp in full and appreciate all that was done by this giant of science”, wrote S. Vavilov. “His achievements in the spheres of physics, chemistry, astronomy, instrument-making, geology, geography, linguistics and history would be worthy of the activities of a whole academy”. No wonder A.S. Pushkin called Lomonosov “our first university”. Among the numerous discoveries of Lomonosov is the Law of Conservation of Mass. This is the fundamental law of chemical change of substance formulated as follows: The mass of a body remains unchanged by any physical or chemical change to which it may be subjected. Lomonosov developed a corpuscular theory of the structure of substance in which he anticipated the present-day theory of atoms and molecules. Lomonosov considered chemistry his “main profession”, but he was at the same time the first outstanding Russian physicist. He constantly emphasized the necessity of a close connection between chemistry and physics. He said that chemical phenomena could be treated correctly only on the basis of physical laws. Explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics, Lomonosov founded a new science, namely, physical chemistry. Lomonosov was not only a talented scientist, but a materialist philosopher as well. Examining the phenomena of nature, he came to the materialistic conclusion on the fundamental question of philosophy – that of the relation of thought to being. He gave all his energy to the promotion of Russian science. In 1755 Moscow University was founded thanks to the efforts and after the project of Lomonosov. This university became a major centre of Russian enlightenment and science. Lomonosov died in 1765, at the age of 54. Exercises: 1 Match the words into the right word-combinations: 1.1 literate difficulties 1.2 conditions discoveries 1.3 material of science 1.4 to send connection 1.5 numerous fellow-villager 1.6 to complete mass of a body 1.7 giant philosopher 1.8 to be worthy of work 1.9 unchanged abroad 1.10 close of the activities 1.11 materialist curriculum 2 Agree or disagree to the following statements. Find the correct answers in the text: 2.1 The Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was born in 1711 in Arkhangelsk Gubernia, in the family of a fisherman. 2.2 At the age of 21 he left his native village and made his way to Petersburg, where he succeeded to enter the University. 2.3 Material difficulties and the conditions of work discouraged young Lomonosov. 2.4 Lomonosov’s tireless scientific and practical activities were striking for their breadth and diversity. 2.5 The Law of Conservation of Mass is formulated as follows: “The mass of a body changes by any physical or chemical change to which it may be subjected”. 2.6 Lomonosov developed a corpuscular theory of the structure of substance. 2.7 Explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics, the great scientist founded a new science, namely, physical chemistry. 2.8 This outstanding Russian physicist emphasized the necessity of a close connection between chemistry and mathematics. 2.9 The Moscow University was founded in 1855 thanks to the efforts and after the project of Mendeleyev. 2.10 The Moscow University became a major centre of Russian enlightenment and science. 2.11 Lomonosov was a good citizen and patriot, who devoted all his life and energy to the promotion of Russian science. 3 Answer the following questions: 3.1 When, where and what family was M.V. Lomonosov born to? 3.2 Who taught him to read and write? 3.3 Where did Lomonosov study? 3.4 Why didn’t Lomonosov finish the last grade of the Academy? 3.5 How did he get to Moscow? 3.6 Did Lomonosov study only in Russia? 3.7 What scientific degrees did he receive? 3.8 What theories and laws did the great Russian scientist discover and formulate? 3.9 Was Lomonosov a materialist philosopher? 3.10 What fields of science did he work in? 3.11 Do you remember how Pushkin called Lomonosov? 4 Try to retell the text giving all possible information about our outstanding scientist M.V. Lomonosov. Topic 6 Famous People of Science and Engineering. Thomas Elva Edison Read and remember the following word-combinations from the text: a thoughtful little boy – задумчивый маленький мальчик to be inquisitive – быть любознательным to teach smb. at home – обучать кого-либо дома to make progress – делать успехи to take an interest in smth.– проявлять интерес к чему-либо to go on with experiments – продолжать эксперименты to earn one’s living – зарабатывать на жизнь to box one’s ear – ударить в ухо to lose one’s hearing – потерять слух to set fire to – поджигать что-либо to become deaf – стать глухим to show one’s gratitude – проявлять благодарность to spend all the spare moments in the study of chemistry and electricity – проводить всё свободное время, изучая химию и электричество to improve telegraph apparatus – улучшить телеграфный аппарат to invent the phonograph – изобретать фонограф to make many useful inventions – сделать много полезных изобретений Text Edison was a thoughtful little boy. He was very inquisitive and always wanted to know how to do things. He was not very strong and went to school when he was quite a big child. But his teacher thought him very stupid because he asked so many questions. So his mother, who was a teacher, took him away from school at the end of two months and taught him at home. With so kind a teacher he made progress and above all he learned to think. His mother had some good books and among them an encyclopedia. It was probably from the encyclopedia that he first took an interest in chemistry. He liked to make experiments, so he bought some books and made a little laboratory in the cellar of his home. When he was twelve years old, he started to earn his living and became a newsboy on the train which ran from Port Huron to Detroit. There was a corner in the baggage car where he kept his stocks of newspapers, magazines and candy. To this corner he moved his little laboratory and library of chemical books, and when he was not busy, went on with his experiments. All went well for two or three years. But when he was in his sixteenth year, one day a phosphorus bottle broke on the floor. It set fire to the baggage car, and the conductor not only put the boy off the train, but soundly boxed his ear. That was the most unfortunate part of the accident, for as a result Edison gradually lost his hearing and became almost deaf. Once he was standing on the platform of the station in Michigan watching a coming train, when he saw the station agent’s little boy on the track right in front of the coming engine. Another moment and the child would have been crushed, but Edison sprang to the track, seized the little one in his arms and rolled with him to one side, just in time to escape the wheels. To show his gratitude the baby’s father offered to teach telegraphy to Edison. Working at telegraphy he at the same time spent all the spare moments in the study of chemistry and electricity. Experimenting he improved telegraph apparatus. About the same time Edison made an improvement in the transmitter of the telephone which made it easier for the waves to travel, and improved the usefulness of the telephone very much. It was just about the same time that he invented the phonograph. This is the parent idea of the gramophone, dictaphone and other instruments, but these inventions are only a small part of the work of this wonderful man. Exercises: 1 Transcribe the following words: thoughtful, inquisitive, encyclopedia, chemistry, baggage, unfortunate, telegraphy, result. 2 Form the Past Indefinite Tense from the following verbs: to think, to teach, to learn, to make, to take, to be, to see, to go, to put, to set, to lose, to become, to improve, to break. 3 Read and translate into Russian: 3.1 to be stupid 3.2 to take smb. away from school 3.3 to make a laboratory in the cellar of the house 3.4 to become a newsboy on the train 3.5 to make experiments 3.6 to keep stocks of newspapers and magazines in the corner of the baggage car 3.7 to move smth. to the corner 3.8 a library of chemical books 3.9 to be busy 3.10 to break a phosphorus bottle on the floor 3.11 the most unfortunate part of the accident 3.12 to see smb./smth. on the track 3.13 to crush 3.14 to seize smb. in one’s arms 3.15 to escape the wheels 3.16 to make an improvement in the transmitter of the telephone 3.17 the parent idea 4 Translate the sentences into English in writing: 4.1 В возрасте 12 лет Томасу Эдисону пришлось идти работать и самому зарабатывать себе на жизнь. 4.2 В углу багажного вагона Эдисон хранил книги по химии; здесь также была его маленькая лаборатория, где он проводил эксперименты в свободное время. 4.3 Проводник сильно ударил Эдисона в ухо, в результате чего мальчик постепенно терял слух и стал почти глухим. 4.4 Работая над телеграфией, Эдисон также проводил всё свободное время над изучением химии и электричества. 4.5 Экспериментируя, Эдисон улучшил телеграфный и телефонный аппараты и изобрёл фонограф. 5 Pair work. Think of several questions covering the text. Try to have a talk with your group-mate on famous scientist Thomas Elva Edison. Topic 7 What Is Engineering? Read and remember the following word-combinations from the text: to receive technical education – получить техническое образование to have basic knowledge of engineering fields – иметь базовые знания в технических областях complex and interrelated engineering problems – сложные и взаимосвязанные технические задачи integrated circuit – интегральная микросхема structural design – проектирование конструкций solid-state electronics – электроника на полупроводниках fibre optics – волоконная оптика carrying capacity – пропускная способность Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) – широкомасштабная интеграция to meet the particular requirements of production – соответствовать (отвечать) особым требованиям производства to lower interference – уменьшить помехи direct current (DC) – постоянный ток alternating current (AC) – переменный ток to reduce power losses – уменьшать энергопотери the real-time control of power generation, transmission and distribution – контроль над производством, передачей и распределением энергии в реальном времени Text In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most often it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering: 1. civil engineering; 2. mechanical engineering; 3. electrical and electronics engineering; 4. electric power and machinery; 5. electronic engineering; 6. communications and control; 7. computer engineering; 8. aeronautical and aerospace engineering; 9. naval engineering; 10. chemical engineering; 11. nuclear engineering; 12. safety engineering. Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering (строительство), transports engineering (дорожный транспорт) and hydraulic engineering (гидротехника). Engineers in the field of mechanical engineering design, test, build and operate machinery of all types. This field is divided into: 1. machine-tools, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics and pneumatics; 2. heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. A mechanical engineer must be trained in mechanics and hydraulics, metallurgy and machine design. A mechanical engineer designs not only the machines that make products but the products themselves. |