Пособие.Нач.тех.перевод. Учебнометодическое пособие Архангельск 2008
 Скачать 1.14 Mb.
|
|
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localised cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering. Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material. Vocabulary: bar – брусок, прут completely – полностью, совершенно compression – сжатие creep – ползучесть cross-sectional area – площадь поперечного сечения cyclic stress – циклическое напряжение elastic deformation – упругая деформация elastic limit – предел упругости fatigue – усталость металла fracture – перелом, излом loosen – ослаблять, расшатывать remaining – оставшийся shear – срез simultaneously – одновременно to stretch – растягивать tension – напряжённость, растягивающее усилие, растяжение to propagate – распространять(ся) to bend – гнуть, согнуть to extend – расширять, продолжаться to meet the needs – отвечать требованиям to occur – происходить, случаться, совершаться to suffer – страдать torsion – кручение twisting – закручивание, изгиб rupture – разрыв, разрушение Tasks: 1 Answer the questions: 1.1 What are the external forces that cause the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials. 1.2 What are the results of external forces? 1.3 What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression? 1.4 What is the result of tension? What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension? 1.5 What do we саll fatigue? When does it occur? What are the results of fatigue? 1.6 What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place? What are the results of creep? 2 Find the following word-combinations in the text: 2.1 отвечать требованиям современной технологии 2.2 используя лабораторные методы 2.3 новые способы использования металлов 2.4 сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез 2.5 возвращать первоначальный размер и форму 2.6 внешняя сила 2.7 постоянная деформация 2.8 уменьшение объема 2.9 растягивающие и сжимающие силы 2.10 превышать предел упругости материала 2.11 повторяющиеся циклические напряжения 2.12 разрушение материала 2.13 развитие и распространение мелких трещин 2.14 сопротивление материалов ползучести и усталости 3 Translate the following sentences into English: 3.1 Упругая деформация – это реакция всех материа лов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжатие, скручивание, изгиб и срез. 3.2 Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил. . 3.3 Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформацию и разрушение материала. 3.4 Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал. 3.5 Растяжение материала выше предела его упругости дает постоянную деформацию или разрушение. 3.6 Когда деталь работает долгое время под циклическими напряжениями, в ней появляются небольшие растущие трещины из-за усталости металла. 3.7 Ползучесть – это медленное изменение размера детали под напряжением. Topic 3 Metals Text Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy. The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and саn slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (саn be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (саn be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and саn be bent bу hаnd, while iron саn only bе worked bу hammering at red heat. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them а crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, а metal with small grains will bе harder and stronger than one with coarse grains. Heat treatment controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (1ess than 1per cent) are often added to а pure metal. This is called alloying and it changes the grain structure аnd properties of metals. All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account bу engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals саn bе worked using machine-tools. The ways of working а metal depend on its properties. Many metals саn bе melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions аге required for metals that react with air. Vocabulary: arrangement – расположение alloying – легирование to draw – волочить, тянуть wire – проволока lead – свинец iron – железо, чугун composition – состав to hammer – ковать (напр. молотом) extrusion – экструзия coarse – грубый, крупный rolling – прокатка metal fatigue – усталость металла creep – ползучесть to slide – скользить vessel – сосуд, котёл, судно to cast – отливать, отлить mould – форма (для отливки) Tasks: 1 Answer the questions: 1.1 What are metals and what do we саll metallurgy? 1.2 Why are most metals dense? 1.3 Why are metals mаlleable? 1.4 What is malleability? 1.5 What аге grains? 1.6 What is alloying? 1.7 What is сrуstаlline structure? 1.8 What do the properties of metals depend оn? 1 9 What changes the size of grains in metals? 1.10 What are the main processes of metal forming? 1.11 How are metals worked? 1.12 What is creeping? 2 Find the following words and word-combinations in the text: 2.1 свойства металлов 2.2 расстояние между атомами 2.3 правильное расположение 2.4 сильно отличаются по своим свойствам 2.5 кристаллическая структура 2.6 размер зерен 2.7 форма зерен 2.8 волочение 2.9 прокатка 2.10 ковка 2.11 экструзия 2.12 структура и свойства зерна 2.13 горячая обработка 2.14 усталость металла 2.15 ползучесть металла 2.16 плавка и отливка в формы 2.17 способы обработки металлов 3 Complete the following sentences: 3.1 Metals are... 3.2 Metallurgy is... 3.3 Most metals are... 3.4 The regular arrangement of atoms in metals... 3.5 Irregular crystals… 3.6 Тhe properties of the metals depend… 3.7 Metals with small grains will bе... 3.8 ...controls the nature of the grains in the metal. 3.9 Alloying is... 3.10 Аll metals саn bе formed bу... 3.11 Creep is... 3.12 Metals саn bе worked using... 4 Explain in English the meaning of the following words: 4.1 malleability 4.2 crystalline structure 4.3 grains 4.4 heat treatment 4.5 alloying 4.6 creep 5 Translate into English: 5.1 Металлы - плотные материалы, потому что между атомами в металлах малое расстояние. 5.2 Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного расположения атомов. 5.3 Чем меньше зерна, тем твёрже металл. 5.4 Легирование изменяет структуру зёрен и свойства металлов. 5.5 Металл деформируется и разрушается из-за усталости и ползучести. Topic 4 Robots in Industry Text Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: 1. material handling, 2. processing operations, 3. assembly and inspection. Material handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry. In processing operations robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot’s tool. The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot. Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots: 1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle, 2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks), 3. the workpiece or tool are too heavy and difficult to handle, 4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts. Vocabulary: transfer – передача, перенос location – местонахождение pick up – брать, подбирать arrangement – расположение to utilize – утилизировать, находить применение gripper – захват to grasp – схватывать frame – рама spot welding – точечная сварка continuous – непрерывный spray painting – окраска распылением spray-painting gun – распылитель краски grinding – шлифование polishing – полирование manual – ручной labour – труд shift – смена Tasks: 1 Answer the questions: 1.1 How are robots used in manufacturing? 1.2 What is material handling? 1.3 What does а robot need to bе equipped with to do loading and unloading operations? 1.4 What does robot manipulate in robotic processing орeration? 1.5 What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing? 1.6 What operations could bе done bу robot in car manufacturing industry? 1.7 What are the main reasons to use robots in production? 1.8 How сап robots inspect the quality of production? 1.9 What operations could bе done bу robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions? 2 Translate into English: 2.1 Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве. 2.2 Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции. 2.3 Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности. 2.4 Станки с числовым программным управлением – хороший пример программируемой автоматизации. 2.5 Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования. 2.6 Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками. 2.7 Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции. Topic 5 James Watt Text James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, known for his improvements of the steam engine. Watt was born on January 19, 1736, in Greenock, Scotland. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine which was used at that time to pump out water from mines. Watt determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. Watt’s first patent, in 1769, covered this device and other improvements on steam engine. At that time, Watt was the partner of the inventor John Roebuck, who had financed his researches. In 1775, however, Roebuck’s interest was taken over by the manufacturer Matthew Boulton, owner of the Soho Engineering Works at Birmingham, and he and Watt began the manufacture of steam engines. Watt continued his research and patented several other important inventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm in 1800 and thereafter devoted himself entirely to research work. The misconception that Watt was the actual inventor of the steam engine arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its development. The centrifugal or flyball governor, which he invented in 1788, and which automatically regulated the speed of an engine, is of particular interest today. It embodies the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honour. Watt was also a well-known civil engineer. He invented, in 1767, an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in the measurement of distances. Watt died in Heathfield, near Birmingham, in August 1819. Vocabulary: double-action – двойного действия feedback principle – принцип обратной связи condensing chamber – конденсационная камера centrifugal or flyball governor – центробежный или шаровой регулятор entirely – полностью alternately – поочерёдно, попеременно steam engine – паровая машина steam pressure – давление пара to retire – удаляться; уходить to pump out – выкачивать to prevent large losses – предотвращать большие потери Task: 1 Answer the questions: 1.1 What was James Watt? 1.2 What were the inventions made by him for which he received patents? 1.3 What is the unit of power? Заключение Данное учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой систематизацию теоретического и практического материала из разных источников современной специальной литературы, соответствующего установкам программы по учебной дисциплине: «Английский язык». Актуальность подобранного в пособии материала состоит в формировании навыков устной и письменной речи по профессиональной тематике и формировании основ потенциального словаря. Этим определяется подбор текстов, их расположение и последовательность тренировочных заданий. В вводной части пособия подробно рассматриваются лексические, грамматические и стилистические особенности технического перевода, знание которых необходимо для чтения и понимания специальной литературы. Грамматический материал содержит явления, характерные как для устной речи, так и для языка технических текстов. Материал учебно-методического пособия использовался в течение двух лет в группах с разной степенью подготовки студентов и показал положительные результаты. Список использованных источников 1 Луговая А.Л. Современные средства связи: Учебное пособие по английскому языку. – М.: В.Ш., 2004. 2 Кравцова Л.И. Английский язык: Учебник. – М.: В.Ш., 2003. 3 Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. Английский для инженеров: Учебное пособие. – Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2005. 4 Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Грамматика современного английского языка: Справочник. – М.: Логос, 2001. 5 Барановская Т.В. Грамматика английского языка: Сборник упражнений. – М.: Логос, 2002. 6 Парахина А.В. Пособие по переводу технических текстов с английского языка на русский. – М.: В.Ш., 1988. |