Бреус. Для того чтобы ответить на эти вопросы, рассмотрим вкратце историю перевода и состояние переводоведения в наше время
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63 5. Drowning is the biggest killer of children and young people in twenty-one countries, according to a World Health report published in Geneva yesterday. 6. Three hundred building workers employed on the construction of Fylingsdale (Yorkshire) early-warning station went on strike over a bonus claim. 7. A 79-year old widow, Mrs. Charlotte Barns , died in her blazing cottage at Pensford, near Bristol, yesterday. 8. Thousands of Algerians tonight fled from the "dead city" of Orlean-ville after a 12-second earthquake had ripped through central Algeria killing an estimated 1,100 people. 9. Britons were among the participants in a mining-safety conference opened in Luxembourg yesterday. 10. A claim for a substantial wage increase and improved conditions for about 70,000 municipal busmen in the little provinces was yesterday referred to a joint wages committee of the unions and employers which will meet on January 12. 26. ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЙ, ТЕСНО СВЯЗАННЫХ ПО СМЫСЛУ ИЛИ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЫХ СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННЫМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕМ 1. She wanted the three Indian jugglers arrested immediately; for they knew who was coming from London and meant some harm to Mr. Franklin Blake. 2. Yet, at the moment consumers and government seem to be in denial. They refuse to accept their own responsibility. 3. Demand for oil is 12 percent higher than it was a decade ago. Gas demand is 30 percent higher. 4. His natural aptitude for native languages induced him to study Africar tongues and dialects and it was not many years before he was appointed tc the Chair of Asiatic and African Languages which he now occupied. 5. They refuse to accept their own responsibility for increasing costs t< the quality of life which are imposed when we all demand more. 6. The United States entered the war April 16, 1917, two-and-one-hal years after the hostilities began. 7. He has shown that he has all the human feelings of one of the comput ers put out by the International Business Machine Corp. 8.1 disagree with those in our industry who believe that the only answe to climate change and global warming is to question the science. 9. Because our business is growing rapidly, this is a reduction of mor than 40 percent from the level we would have reached if we took no action at all. 10. Companies exist only because someone wants to buy what they prc duce. 64 Приложения 1. ТЕКСТЫ С ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКИМ КОММЕНТАРИЕМ RAGING INFERNO ENGULFS SOUTH OF TASMANIA Raging bush fires have turned Southern Tasmania into an inferno (1) which killed an estimated 50 people, destroyed whole townships (2), and is threatening Hobart itself (3), the state capital (population 120,000) The State Governor (4) has declared a state of emergency on the island, as thousands of fire-fighters battle to block the advance of the solid wall of flame (5) At least 450 houses have been destroyed, including 60 in the suburb of Hobart (1). Crops have been devastated (1), and hundreds of dead cattle and bush animals lie scattered across the countryside (1). Men driving their families (2) out of the danger area found they were engaged (3) in a race against death (4), with flames reaching out at them from all sides (5), and a blanket of smoke blotting out sun and sky (5). Most got through, but some did not (6) City workers (1) jammed public transport services (2) hi a frantic rush to get home (3), as news of the fire danger in the suburb reached them (4) (5). Tonight the sight of stunned families squatting in the street (6) with a few meager possessions around them is a frequent one in many suburbs (7). The authorities fear that the final death toll may be much higher (8) than 50 estimated by police so far In the mountain suburb of Ferntree, 44 houses and a hotel were destroyed and all communications 6 Зак. 175 1) монорема; 2) дирема; 3) членение высказываний; 4) формальное подлежащее; 5) логическая последовательность действий 1) моноремы; 2) следствие-причина; 3) причина-следствие; 4) смена образности; 5) членение; 6) объединение высказываний 1) генерализация; 2) следствие-причина; 3) членение; 4) логическая последовательность действий; 5) следствие-причина; 6) дирема; 7) членение; 8) состояние-действие 1) дирема; 2) дирема; 3) перераспределение семантиче- 65 were cut off (1). There were fears for the safety of the 150 residents (2), but later it was learned they had been safely evacuated (3). Four fire-fighters were burned to death (4) as they tried to hold back the flames (5) at Lenah Valley, another Hobart suburb An appeal was launched tonight (1) for relief (2) for the hundreds of refugees who have poured (3) into relief centers here seeking (4) accomodation, food and clothing. Tonight the flames (5), fanned (5) by treacherously changing winds of up to 70 miles an hour(6), were still rolling down (7) Mount Wellington, which towers over Hobart (8) ских компонентов; 4) следствие-причина; 5) объединение высказываний 1) монорема; 2) детализация, добавление отглагольного существительного; 3) причина-следствие; 4) следствие-причина; 5) конкретизация; 6) членение; 7) детализация; 8) причина-следствие POSITIVE PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR CHILD ABUSE The Right to happiness project started (1) before the Stockholm World Congress against Child Abuse. It was part of the process of preparation during which large gaps of our knowledge had been identified (2). These gaps were not just about (3) the incidence, the numbers of children who were being abused (4), but also covered a lack of awareness (5) about what was currently being done to try to address (6) the problem, and which of these (7) were most effective The Right to Happiness project was implemented by the NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It was established (1) to try (2) to identify some of the responses that were happening around the world to try to address (2) the problem of child abuse. The project wished to present information (3) about what was happening (4) to the World Congress, to inform (5) about positive actions that were already being taken (6). The Congress wanted (7) to raise awareness about mis issue around the world. The Right to Happiness project sought (7) to ensure that included in this awareness (8) was some knowledge about interventions that were being effective about prevention and recovery (9) 1) номинализация сказуемого; 2) монорема; 3) формальное подлежащее; 4) причина-следствие; 5) конкретизация; 6) номинализация глагола; 7) слово-заместитель 1) формальное подлежащее; 2) номинализация глагола; 3) дирема; 4) объединение высказываний; 5) номинализация глагола; 6) объединение высказываний; 7) номинализация сказуемого; 8) объединение высказываний; 9) детализация 66 As to the World Congress itself that took place in Stockholm in August 1996 (1). The Stockholm meeting was the direct result of an almost unique degree of cooperation between different groups and sectors. It combined and utilized (2) (3) the talents, strengths and resources of governments, notably the government of Sweden, intergovernmental bodies and the world-wide NGO community What did it do (1)? It (2) achieved a great deal. 122 governments were represented (3). Hundreds of NGOs, academic institutions and concerned individuals attended and contributed (3). Many of the constituent parts of the UN family were represented (3) It (4) involved policy makers, legislators, practitioners, and advocates, and most notably children who were able to demonstrate their understanding, competence and positive ideas for addressing the issue (5). It (6) focused world attention on child abuse. It acknowledged it as an almost universal phenomenon (7). It (8) commented upon the scale of abuse A Declaration and Agenda for Action were unanimously agreed (1). The Declaration affirmed the commitment to global partnership against child abuse (2) which was recognized as an absolute and fundamental violation (3) of the rights of the child. It (4) restated that all the signatories to the Convention were required to protect children from abuse and promote physical and psychological recovery of those already victimized. It (4) affirmed the need for strong laws (5), and the need for resources and political commitment to enforce (6) them. It (7) confirmed the need to build and promote (8) partnership between all levels of society to counter (8) mis form of violence. It (9) called for the highest priority to be given to action against child abuse, to develop and implement comprehensive planning and programs that address the issue through a diverse but complementary range of strategies 1) дирема; 2) формальное подлежащее; 3) компрессия (приставочный глагол) 1) причина-следствие; 2) формальное подлежащее; 3) моноремы; 4) формальное подлежащее; 5) однородные дополнения; 6) сохранение форм, подлежащего по стилистическим соображениям; 7) объединение высказываний; 8) формальное подлежащее 1) монорема; 2) дирема (прямой порядок слов); 3) перестановка семантических компонентов; 4) формальное подлежащее; 5) добавление отглагольного существительного; 6) номинализация глагола; 7) формальное подлежащее; 8) номинализация глагола; 9) формальное подлежащее 6* 67 BALKANS AFTER MILOSEVIC: STILL PERILOUS WATERS The removal of Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia (1) has opened new opportunities for peace (2) in the Balkan region, but also created a fluid situation (3) where treacherous problems abound (4) For some time, Western strategic thinking on the area (1) has involved the notion that if Mr. Milo-cevic could be ousted, (2) other problems would fall away. But for a variety of reasons including the depth of anti-Serbian feeling engendered by nine years of war and the record of Mr. Milocevic's successor little soothing balm has immediately been felt(3) Vojislav Kostunica, the new Yugoslav president, has made clear conciliatory signals toward Croatia, which has long battled (1) Belgrade for independence, and Montenegro, where secessionist currents are strong (2). Yet Ms gestures have not convinced a skeptical region (3) "There has been tremendous positive change in Serbia, (1) but it has not had the immediate positive impact (2) on the region that we would have hoped," said William D. Montgomery, the Budapest-based United States (3) ambassador with responsibility for Yugoslavia A new era in the Balkans has opened (1). Mr. Milocevic, who propelled Yugoslavia into war nine years ago, is gone (2); Franjo Tudjman, the Croatian president who fanned Mr. Milosevic's flames (3), is dead; Alija Izetbegovic, the outgunned (3) and stubborn Bosnian president, quit (2) last weekend. It is not surprising that expectations are high (3) But it is not yet clear that Mr. Kostunica is able, or willing, to deliver (1) what America wants (1). His past nationalism (2) makes some neighbors skeptical, Ms popularity in the West makes other neighbors envious, and Ms arrival has come so late in the process of Yugoslav disintegration (3) that it is far from clear that the process can be arrested 1) дирема; 2) детализация; 3) сочетаемость; 4) объединение высказываний 1) действие-деятель; 2) объе динение высказываний; 3) средство-рецепт 1) синонимия; 2) следствие-причина; 3) общее-часть 1) дирема; 2) состояние-действие; 3) компрессия 1) монорема; 2) состояние-действие; 3) причина-следствие 1) монорема; 2) членение; 3)членение 68 "The tremors continue (1) (2) from what has been a very strong political shock, and there is some ambivalence in the region," (3) said Zarko Korac, an ally of Mr. Kostunica who visited Croatia last week. "Some people feel that Serbia will now get off the hook (4) too quickly, and there is concern (5) we will get (6) the lion's share of money and attention." There are, however, encouraging signs.(l) Leaders from Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia and other Balkan states are to meet Mr. Kostunica in Skopje, the Macedonian capital, next week (2), the first such gathering for many years and an indication of the hope engendered (3) by the Yugoslav president (4) But the meeting also illustrates a central point (1): the problems of the Balkans remain deeply interlinked. Change (2) a border here in Montenegro or Kosovo, for example, and Bosnia's Serbs may feel justified in demanding union with Serbia or a state (3) of their own. Support (2) Serbia with a lifting of sanctions and Croatia may feel slighted or enraged (4) The question now is how sensitive (1) Mr. Kostunica will be to mis regional volatility (2). Up to now, the signals have been mixed (3). "We would have liked (3) to hear Mr. Kostunica address (4) the Serbs of Bosnia and tell them (5) that while they will always have a special relationship with Belgrade (6), their future lies unambiguously in Bosnia-Herzegovina," said Jacques Klein, the American who is the chief United Nations representative in Sarajevo. "But it has not happened" (7) Rather, Mr. Kostunica has said he respects the 1995 Dayton accords (1) while setting the Bosnian government's nerves on edge (2) by indicating that he may travel this weekend to the Serbian part of Bosnia to attend (3) the emotional(3) reburial of a poet, Jovan Ducic 1) снятие образности; 2) при-чина-следствие; 3) объединение высказываний; 4) снятие образности; 5) объединение высказываний; 6) дирема 1) дирема; 2) монорема; 3) членение высказываний 1) дирема; 2) номинализа-ция сказуемого; 3) добавление отглагольного существительного; 4) объединение высказываний 1) состояние-действие; 2) прагматика получателя; 3) диремы; 4) номинализация глагола; 5) членение; 6) объединение высказываний; 7) дирема 1) объединение высказываний; 2) внешнее членение; 3) внутреннее членение 69 5 Зак. 175 VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY The Versailles peace treaty prohibited (1) a German air force (2), and it was officially dissolved in May, 1920. In bis farewell order Seeckt, Chief of the German General Staff, said he hoped (3) that it would again rise and meanwhile its spirit would still live (4). He gave it every encouragement to do so. His first step had been to create (5) within the Reichswehr Ministry a special group of experienced ex-air force officers. Ibis was gradually expanded (6) until within the Ministry there were "air cells" (7) in the various offices, and air personnel were gradually introduced throughout the cadres of the Army (8) The Civil Aviation Department was headed (1) by an experienced wartime officer, a nominee of Seeckt's, who made sure (2) that the control and development of civil aviation took place in harmony with military needs. This department was to a great extent staffed by ex-flying officers (3) without knowledge of commercial aviation Even before 1924, the beginnings of a system of airfields and civil aircraft factories (1) and the training of pilots and instruction in passive air defence had come into existence (2) throughout Germany. There was already much reasonable show of commercial flying (3), and very large numbers of Germans, both men and women, were encouraged to become "air-minded" by the institution of a network of gliding clubs (4) Severe limitations were observed, on paper, about the number of service personnel permitted to fly (1). But these rules, with so many others, were circumvented by Seeckt, (2) who, with the connivance of the German Transport Ministry, succeeded in building up a sure foundation for an efficient industry and a future air arm (3) In the naval sphere similar evasions were practised (1). The Versailles Treaty allowed only a 1) дирема; 2) отделение признака от носителя; 3) объединение высказываний; 4) причина-следствие; 5) дирема; 6) номинализация сказуемого; 7) дирема; 8) монорема 1) дирема; 2) следствие-причина; 3) номинализация сказуемого 1) монорема; 2) членение; 3) дирема; 4) монорема 1) монорема; 2) дирема; 3) внешнее членение 1) монорема, замена пассивной конструкции на ак- 70 small naval force (2) with a maximum strength of fifteen thousand men (3). Subterfuges were used to increase mis total (4). Naval organizations were covertly incorporated into civil ministries (5). The Army coastal defences were not destroyed as prescribed by the Treaty (5), and soon they were taken over (6) by German naval artillerymen (7). U-boats were illicitly built and their officers and men trained in other countries (8) Important progress was also made in another decisive direction (1). Herr Rathenau had, during Ms tenure of the Ministry of Reconstruction in 1919, set on foot in the broadest lines the reconstruction of German war industry. "They have destroyed your weapons", he had told the generals, in effect. "But these weapons would in any case have become obsolete (2) before the next war. That war will be fought with brand-new ones (3)" тивную; 2) дирема; З) членение; 4) монорема, замена пассивной конструкции на активную; 5) моноремы; 6) дирема; 7) деятель-сфера деятельности; 8) монорема 1) дирема; 2) состояние-действие; 3) дирема NONE OF US LIVES IN A VACUUM The oil and gas industry is in the middle of a revolution(l) (2), one taking place on five or six (2) different fronts. After 70 years with an almost unchanged corporate structure among the major companies (3), the industry has, in the last two years, seen(4) four major transactions in the United States and Europe, and a host of smaller link-ups (5) Companies have grown (1) in scope and scale (2). But oil prices are still largely determined by the decisions of OPEC (3), when all the merges are completed (4), the four largest companies together will account for no more than 12 percent of world oil supply and 13 percent of gas supply (5) These merges and acquisitions don't constitute an endgame; the industry is not shrinking (1). Demand for oil is 12 percent higher than it was a decade ago. Gas demand is 30 percent higher (1). And with nuclear developments again in question (2), it seems certain that hydrocarbons will meet the bulk of the world's new energy demand for the foreseeable future (3). The geography of the industry is changing, 5* 1) монорема; 2) генерализация; 3) внешнее членение; 4) дирема; 5) логическая последовательность действий 1) дирема; 2) конкретизация; 3) номинализация сказуемого; 4) объединение высказываний; 5) дирема 1) объединение высказываний; 2) членение; 3) моноремы; 4) номинализация определения перед подлежащим; 5) детализация; б) номинализация определения 71 too (3). Incremental demand (4) for energy comes predominantly from Asia, driven by population growth (5) and rising (6) living standards We are seeing a new balance of fuels take shape (1). The demand for natural gas has doubled since the early 1970s and is set to double again by 2020 (2), partly because (2) gas (3) is more environmentally friendly (4) — for equivalent electricity output (3) gas generates less than half the emissions produced by coal (5) As part of China's celebration of the 50* anniversary of the revolution, the Chinese (1) adjusted the use (2) of some of the coal-fired industrial plants (3) around Beijing. In a city that is often covered by a blanket of smog (3), people could see what they were celebrating (4)(5) The story is just one example of a new set of expectations (1). People want energy (2), because energy means liberty, mobility (3), growth and the chance to improve living standards (4) But people want a clean environment, too (1). Yet, at the moment consumers and government seem to be in denial. They refuse to accept their own responsibility (2) for increasing costs to the quality of life (3) which are imposed when we all demand more (5). And they deflect the responsibility onto the oil and gas sector There are no (1) simple and easy answers to global warming (2), traffic congestion, air quality and waste disposal. Oil companies can't solve (3) these problems on their own. But we can make a contribution as part of a common effort (4). We all need (5) to take measures that transcend the apparent (6)— and unacceptable— (6) trade-off between better (7) living standards and pollution (8) Take climate changes. I disagree with those in our industry who believe that the only answer (1) to climate change and global warming is to question the science (2), deny responsibility (3) and ignore 1) формальное подлежащее; 2) членение высказываний; 3) добавление отглагольного существительного; 4) причина-следствие; 5) но-минализация сказуемого 1) дирема, формальное подлежащее; 2) причина-следствие; 3) членение; 4) логическая последовательность действий; 5) объединение высказываний 1) следствие-причина; 2) формальное подлежащее; 3) конкретизация; 4) детализация (введение однородного сказуемого) 1) формальное подлежащее; 2) объединение высказываний; 3) членение; 4) объединение 1) дирема; 2) детализация; 3) номинализация сказуемого; 4) экспрессия; 5) дирема; 6) детализация; 7) номинализация определения; 8) ан-тонимический перевод 1) объединение высказываний; 2) общее-часть; 3) ан-тонимический перевод; 4) деятельность-деятель; 5) причина-следствие; 6) объедине- |