NEW Учебник_ Английский 2022 (3)-1. University Life Learning Process and Challenges Students Face while Studying
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5.*Round table/Discussion: Discuss your past experiences in learning English. Two teams share their opinions with other students on their experiences of learning a language. Report your findings to the group: the best way to learn different languages skills in a foreign language including listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, and cultural understanding, your experiences learning English in a foreign country. Ask other students questions about their experiences and problems in learning languages. As a result of opinion sharing develop the individual strategy for more effective learning English. A speaker from each group should give a 5- minute talk How to master English more effectively. Topics to be helpful for discussion: 1. How much did you learn in your home country? What do you find most interesting (most useful and effective, most amusing) about learning English? What do you find most difficult about learning English? What are your strong and weak points?3. Do you consider English to be useful in your future career or everyday life? How are you planning to use English in the future? 4.What are the reasons of the low foreign language competence of the most students at the universities? How should students be motivated to improve their language knowledge? 5. What are the best ways or secret of learning English faster? Is there an ideal method of learning languages? 6. Read the text. Prepare a more detailed report about the current popular languages. MOST WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGES IN TODAY’S WORLD Which are the most widely spoken languages in the world, is one of the most interesting questions to answer. There are plenty of surveys carried out worldwide just to find out how many languages are spoken commonly worldwide. Every country has its own language and every language has its own sub-languages and each sub language has its own dialect that is native to a particular region or community. The top 10 most widely spoken languages worldwide are as follows: Mandarin Chinese With the most number of Chinese in the world, the language is bound to be the most spoken language. You may say there are more English speakers, but Mandarin Chinese beat English by a 2:1 ratio. Mandarin Chinese also takes the title of the hardest language to learn. More than a billion people in China can speak one of the most difficult languages. English English has taken up the second position as the most spoken language in the world. A recent study has proven that there are more English language speakers in India than in all of Western Europe with the exception of the United Kingdom. It was seen that English was the primary language for 2.3 lac Indians, second language for 86 lac Indians and 39 million Indians speak English as their third language. The multilingual Indians have found the key to stay connected with the world by becoming fluent with the most spoken language worldwide. Hindi The second most populous country in the world, India's national language Hindi takes the third place as the most spoken language in the world. Hindi is the primary language in the multilingual Indian continent. And India has been predicted to soon surpass China as the most populous country, so Hindi is bound to be spoken by more number of people. Hindi has many dialects that are spoken in different states of India. You can have a look at the Hollywood movies of India to understand and learn a bit of Hindi with a lot of drama, dance and a dash of Indian 'masala'. Spanish The land of fiestas, traditions and bullfight, Spain has its national language Spanish bagging the fourth place as the most spoken language worldwide. The animated cartoon character Speedy Gonzales has made the Spanish sentence, '¡Ándale! ¡Ándale! ¡Arriba! ¡Arriba!' (Hurry Up, Get Up) famous worldwide. Similarly, Spanish is a widely used language as it is spoken in every Central and South American country, Cuba, Spain and also in the United States. In fact, the Spanish language has been a forerunner in contributing some of the words like tornado, taco grande supreme and patio, etc. to the English diction. Arabic One of the oldest languages of the world, Arabic is spoken in the Middle East. This is the 5th most spoken language in the world with speakers living in countries that include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon. Many Muslims all over the world can read, write and speak Arabic even though Arabic is not their mother tongue. This is because Arabic is the language of the Muslim holy book, the Koran. Arabic has been made the 6th official language of the UN in 1974. Portuguese Say Portuguese and it reminds you of the greatest explorer of the world, Vasco Da Gama. With all the explorers from this country who went on in search of new, exotic places, Portuguese became a language that was established in many other parts of the world. The counties other than Portugal where Portuguese is spoken include Brazil, Venezuela, Macau, Angola, Mozambique. Bengali With over 120 million people as the population of the country, Bangladesh can pride itself as the country with the 6th most spoken language, that is, Bengali. This one language is spoken by one and all in Bangladesh. Also, there are significant number of speakers of Bengali in the neighbouring country, India. Although, Bengali may be a new discovery for you, there is a significant population in the world that speaks Bengali. Russian Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world that is also spoken in Belarus, Kazakistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan even America and many other countries apart from Russia. Russian is also one of the six languages in the UN. Thus, Russian takes the 8th position in the list of top 10 languages. French The French language takes the 9th slot in this list. French is the language of romance and is spoken in Belgium, Canada, Cameroon, Rwanda, Haiti. France is famous not only for its Eiffel Tower and Haute Couture, but also for French one of the most popular languages in the world. German The first language of Germany that is spoken by more than 95% of the population comes 10th in the race of languages that are spoken the most. Germany also has speakers in Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and some German-speaking communities of Northern Italy, East Cantons of Belgium, French Alsace region South Jutland county of Denmark and many more parts of Europe. Other honorable mentions that did not make it up to the top 10 list are Malay-Indonesian, Japanese language, Urdu, Punjabi, Korean, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Cantonese, Wu, Vietnamese, Javanese, Italian, Turkish, Tagalog, and Thai. 7*. Speak on the topic «International Languages» using these clichés: 1. I would like to tell you about /This text is about ... 2.According to the text … 3.As I understood from the text ... 4. As it is described in the text ... 5.As seen from the text … 6.As for me I learnt that … 7.It is pointed out that 8. I didn’t know that … 9.Connecting words: moreover, you know, besides, nevertheless, however, therefore. 10. In conclusion I would like to tell /To sum up/Finally/To conclude ... . Listening 1. Listen to the text Language Learning on http://www.esl-lab.com 2. Do the tasks given. VIDEO 1.Watch the video Learning English on http://www.esl-lab.com 2.Do the tasks given. WRITING Write an essay My reasons for Learning English Language. Unit 9. English-Speaking Countries: overview England and America are two countries separated by the same language. Bernard Shaw PRE-QUESTIONS 1. Have you ever been to English-speaking countries? If not, would you like to visit them some day? 2. What country is more interesting for you and why? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Find the appropriate equivalent:
2. Complete the sentence with the words and phrases below: 1.split; 2.innocence and purity; 3.over the adherence to laws; 4.The Commonwealth of Nations; 5. peninsula; 6. ranks; 7. shares; 8. daffodil; 9. Maori; 10.to be treated. 1. England … as one of the most influential centers of cultural development in the world. 2. Wales is located in a wide … in the western part of the island of Great Britain. 3. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that … a land border with another state: the Republic of Ireland. 4. … dates back to the mid 20th century. 5. The unicorn is a symbol of … as well as power and masculinity. 6. The British government … Ireland into two autonomous territories in 1921. 7. The U.S. Congress ensures adequate control … by the executive branch. 8. English is the universal language, although … , a language of the Polynesian group, still is spoken among the population. 9. The Celtic people believed that the hare had supernatural powers and regarded it as an animal … with extreme caution. 10. The national symbol of Wales is a spring flower … . Part 1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Read the text and find information concerning geographical location, form of government, national symbols and main industries of 4 countries which belong to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The Commonwealth of Nations (formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations) that dates to the mid 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire is a voluntary association of states and territories that have been or still are ruled by Britain. Among these states are the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Cyprus, Barbados, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Singapore etc. Among dependent territories are Bermuda, the Falkland Islands, British Antarctic Territory, the British Virgin Islands and others. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which modernized the community and established the member states as "free and equal". The former Prince Charles is now the King of the United Kingdom and the head of the Commonwealth following the death of his mother Queen Elizabeth II in Scotland on 8 September 2022. The newly-crowned monarch, whose full name is Charles Philip Arthur George, has opted to keep the name Charles III for his official title. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. The UK is situated between the Atlantic Ocean on the north and northwest and the North Sea on the east. It is separated from the European continent by the English Channel (or La Manche) and the Strait of Dover (or Pas de Calais). The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Its area is about 250 000 square km, its population is about 70 mln. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of 4 parts: England (the capital is London), Scotland (the capital is Edinburgh), Wales (the capital is Cardiff) and Northern Ireland (the capital is Belfast). This country is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another state: the Republic of Ireland (the capital is Dublin). The UK’s form of government is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner known as the Union Jack or Union. It consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, laid on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are laid on the cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland). Wales, however, is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales’s patron saint, Saint David, as at the time the flag was designed Wales was part of the Kingdom of England. Outside the British Isles, England is often erroneously considered synonymous with the island of Great Britain and even with the entire United Kingdom. Despite the political, economic, and cultural legacy England no longer officially exists as a governmental or political unit —unlike Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which all have varying degrees of self-government in domestic affairs. England was formed as a country during the 10th century and took its name from the Angles - one of a number of Germanic tribes who settled in the territory during the 5th and 6th centuries. England ranks as one of the most influential centers of cultural development in the world; it is the place of origin of both the English language and the Church of England, was the historic center of the British Empire, and the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England’s economy is the largest of the four economies of the United Kingdom. It is presented by shipbuilding, textiles chemicals and tourism. The central bank of the United Kingdom, where interest rates are set and monetary policy is carried out, is the Bank of England in London. The floral emblem and at the same time the symbol of England is the red rose. This flower has become a symbol since the Civil war which is called War of roses (1455-1485). The winner was the Royal Family with a red rose as a family symbol. Besides the floral symbol England has the national animal of England - a lion. The most important cities in England are London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Newcastle, Oxford, Manchester and others. Scotland is a country in the north of Great Britain. It is divided into three natural regions: the Southern Uplands, the Central Lowlands and the Highlands. A lot of places in Scotland are a natural paradise, still untouched by man. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, well known for its castle. Glasgow is the industrial capital of Scotland. It is the third largest city in Great Britain. Traditionally, the Scottish economy was dominated by shipbuilding, coal mining and steel industries. The typical products of Scotland are timber, whisky, salmon. The national flower symbol of Scotland is a thistle. It became the symbol in the 15th century when this prickly-leaved violet flower was used as the defense of the border of the country. Scotland also has its national animal - a unicorn. This fabled, mythological creature was first adopted as the national animal of Scotland by King Robert back in the late 1300s. The unicorn is a symbol of innocence and purity as well as power and masculinity. Except Edinburgh and Glasgow there are other important cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, Dundee, Paisley, Hamilton. Wales is located in a wide peninsula in the western part of Great Britain. Wales has a living Celtic culture, with the Welsh language spoken by a fifth of the 3.1 million inhabitants. The country has scenic mountains and coasts, imposing castles, and much of Britain’s industrial heritage. In coastal areas fishing and seafood are important to both the economy and the local cuisine. Mining, especially of coal is a chief economic activity of Wales and one of the leading sources of employment. The national symbol of Wales is a spring flower daffodil. It first became associated with Wales in the 19th century and later in the early 20th century it was increasingly popular especially among women. In 1911, the Welsh prime minister, David George, wore the daffodil on St. David’s day and also used it in ceremonies after which it became an official symbol of the country. Another Welsh national symbol is a red dragon. It is an important element on the national flag of the country. The dragon symbolizes the power and authority of Welsh kings. The main cities of Wales are Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and others. Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. The country was created in 1921 when the British government split Ireland into two autonomous territories. The economy of Northern Ireland is based on agriculture and manufacturing. The agriculture sector benefits from rich farming soil. Agriculture contributes to manufacturing through the livestock and dairy products. Northern Ireland has stunning scenery. Like other countries Northern Ireland has some symbols. One of them is shamrock. The legend told that with the help of this three-leaf plant St. Patrick explained the Trinity. He said that the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit can’t exist separately as the shamrock can’t be with one leave. And later his followers used to wear the shamrock on St. Patrick’s Day. The hare is the national animal of Ireland. The Irish admire the hare for its speed and strength, viewing it as a mysterious animal. The Celtic people believed that it had supernatural power and regarded it as an animal to be treated with extreme caution. Northern Ireland is home to numerous cities and towns, for example Belfast (the capital), Bangor, Lisburn and others. Part 2. Other English-Speaking Countries Read the text and find information concerning geographical location, form of government, national symbols and main industries of the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand Except for the United Kingdom there are some other countries in the world where people speak English. The largest and most important of them are the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The United States of America is one of the largest countries in the world in North America, often referred to as "the USA", "the US", "the United States", "the United States of America", "the States", or simply "America". Being a home to the world’s third-largest population it includes both densely populated cities with sprawling suburbs and vast, uninhabited natural areas. With its history of mass immigration dating from the 17th century, the USA is a "melting pot" of cultures from around the world. It’s a place to a wide array of popular tourist destinations, ranging from the skyscrapers of Manhattan and Chicago to the natural wonders of Yellowstone and Alaska, to the warm, sunny beaches of Florida and Hawaii and the deserts of Arizona. The US is bound by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Its land borders are shared with Canada to the north, and Mexico to the south. The history of the USA started with 13 British colonies set along the Atlantic coast. On 4th July 1776 they proclaimed their independence from Great Britain. The United States is a federal republic that consists of 50 self-governing states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) where Washington, the capital of the USA, is located. It is one of the most developed countries in the world, with English being the first language for about 80% of its population.The flag of the USA has 13 red and white stripes, which symbolize the original 13 states. 50 stars on the blue field in the left upper corner are for each of the 50 states of the country in our days. The US Congress is the legal institution that ensures both law-making, and adequate control over the adherence to laws by the executive branch. Industry of USA means textile, auto, chemical, mechanical and electronics because they are highly demanded products in the country. Like every nation the USA has its symbols. One of them is theBald Eagle. It was adopted as the national bird of the United States in 1782. The Bald Eagle was chosen because of its long life, great strength, and majestic looks, and because it was believed to exist only on this continent at the time. The Bald Eagle is represented in many important places including Great Seal, One-dollar bill, Federal agency seals and President’s flag. Another American symbol is Uncle Sam. With the initials “US”, Uncle Sam is a common national personification of the United States federal government or the country in general that, according to legend, came into use during the War of 1812. The name is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York. The barrels of beef that he supplied the army during the War of 1812 were stamped “US” to indicate government property. He is portrayed as an older, bearded man dressed in clothes that evoke the American flag. In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower approved a Joint Resolution of the 84th Congress declaring “In God We Trust” as the official national motto of the United States of America. The rose was designated as the official floral emblem of the United States of America in 1986. The rose grows naturally throughout North America, blooming in several colors including red, pink, white, or yellow. The rose is a symbol of love and beauty, as well as war and politics, all over the world. There are other symbols of the US: the Statue of Liberty, Oak Tree, the Liberty Bell and others. The main cities are Washington (the capital of the USA), New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia etc. Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area. Canada is situated in North America. The first European colonists came to this country from France. But after that for many years Canada was under British rule until the country gained its independence in the 20th century. Both English and French are official languages of the country. Canada is one of the world’s richest nations, with a highly developed economy. Canada’s economy is dominated by the private sector, though some enterprises (postal services, some electric utilities, and some transportation services) have remained publicly owned. Agriculture is vital to the national economy, producing large volumes of food for both the domestic and export markets and providing raw materials for food processing, wholesale, and retail industries. Canada has rich fishing grounds off both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. The leading cities are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Charles III as its head of state. But practically there is a Prime Minister of the Canadian government to rule the country. Besides Canada has a democratic parliament, which is situated in Ottawa and consists of the House of Commons and the Senate. The official emblems of Canada are the beaver and the maple leaf. The beaver associated with the discovery of the country itself. As an official national symbol, the beaver appears on several Canadian memorabilia like stamps and coins. The beaver is a symbol of ingenuity and perseverance. Officially the beaver was made an emblem of the country by Parliament in 1975. As Canada’s National emblem, the maple leaf appears on the national flag and coins and for many years it was used as a symbol of the Canadian Armed Forces. With its distinctive maple leaf, Canada’s red and white flag is easily recognized around the globe. Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world’s sixth-largest country. It is located between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia is the only country in the world which occupies the whole continent. The exploration of the continent began in the late 18th century when the first British colonies were formed. Today the country is among the most developed countries in the world, with 80% of the population speaking Australian English. Australia’s capital Canberra is located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural centers of Sydney and Melbourne. Other important cities are Darwin, Perth, Adelaide. Australia has a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. It is one of the world’s most urbanized countries. Australia is a multicultural society which has been enriched by over six million settlers from almost 200 nations. The aborigines, the Australian natives, represent about 1.5 percent of the population. It is sometimes called «the lucky country». It has a lot of riches under the earth: gold, silver, iron, coal, diamonds and crystals. The country is also known for its production of wool, bauxite and export of wheat. Australia’s national floral emblem is the golden wattle. It is an extremely resilient plant that represents the resilience of the Australian people and can withstand the winds, droughts that are quite common throughout the country. The boomerang is a universally recognized symbol of Australia. For the Aboriginal people, it’s symbolic of cultural endurance. It’s also a tangible link to their presence on the continent over the years. A kangaroo is another national symbol of Australia. Kangaroos symbolize ambition, protection, strength, and ease of movement. Koala and emu are another popular Australian animals as well as informal symbols. New Zealand occupies two large islands - the North Island and the South Island - and many small ones in the south-western part of the Pacific Ocean. It is located not far from Australia – only the Tasman Sea separates them by a distance of about 1,600 km. First Europeans started visiting New Zealand in the late 18th century with the territory being announced as a British colony in 1788. The country gained its independence in the middle of the 20th century. New Zealand is one of the most beautiful countries in the world with unique flora and fauna. English is the universal language, although Maori, a language of the Polynesian group, is still spoken among the population and is taught in Maori schools. Many people live in urban areas, and about 50 percent of them live in the largest cities – Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton, and Dunedin. The first of them is an important seaport and industrial center. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. New Zealand has one of the highest standards of living in the world. New Zealand is an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Like the United Kingdom, it is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state, the governor-general, being the representative of the crown is appointed for a five-year term. Wool-based industries have traditionally been an important part of the economy, notably wool milling, the oldest sector of the textile industry. Other significant industrial areas in New Zealand include a diverse food-processing sector, tanneries, sheet glass, rubber, and plastics. The national emblem of New Zealand is a flightless bird kiwi. The kiwi (meaning ‘hidden bird’ in the Maori language) symbolizes the uniqueness of the country’s wildlife as well as the value of its natural heritage. To the New Zealanders, it’s a symbol of endearment and pride. The silver fern is one of the most well-known symbols of New Zealand since the 1880s, when it was first accepted as a national icon. The Maori view it as a symbol of strength which signifies their attachment to their homeland. As you can see English - speaking countries are different, interesting and unique. They are situated in various parts of the world. Their nature, weather and climate differ in many ways. They have its own history, customs, traditions and national holidays. Each country has its symbols that represent beliefs, values, traditions, or other intangible ideas. But thank to English language people are able to understand each other in any country. Comprehension Check |