NEW Учебник_ Английский 2022 (3)-1. University Life Learning Process and Challenges Students Face while Studying
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1. Answer the following questions: 1. When did the formation of the international organizations start? 2. What does the term «international organizations» mean? 3. What are two main types of the international organizations? 4. What are the main purposes of the intergovernmental organizations? 5. What is the definition of the nongovernmental organization? 6.What are two types of the nongovernmental organizations? 7.What are the objectives of the non-profit organizations? 8. What functions do international organizations serve? 9.What are the most known examples of the international organizations? 10. What other notable international organizations (including Russian ones) do you know? 2. Decide whether these statements are true, false or information is not available: 1. The formation of the international organizations has been a notable event of the international relations in the nineteenth century. 2.International organization is an organization established by agreement between two or more states. 3.Intergovernmental organizations are considered to be a voluntary group of individuals or organizations, usually not affiliated with any government. 4. Non-profit organizations are legal entities organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit. 5. Multinational corporations produce and sell goods or services in various countries. 6. The multinational corporations provide financial support to the non-profit organizations. 7.Among the well-known intergovernmental organizations are UNESCO, WWF and Greenpeace. 8.The most powerful organizations on the international scene today are the UNO and the EU. 9. Some international organizations have subsidiaries in the Russian Federation. 10. International organizations can help to foster cooperative behavior. 3.Find the synonyms to the following words: Event, proliferation, to establish, bargaining, to transcend, notable, several, corporation, function, to achieve. 4. Find the antonyms to the following words: Main, legal, lack, sovereign, multiple, benefit, to sell, dispute, to fulfil, to respond. UNIT 12. 2 The MOST significant international organizations in the modern world TEXT 2 Read the text and speak on 2-3 organizations mentioned. Here is a list of top international organizations and their functions, headquarters and head of states. European Union (EU): further information about this organization is available in the text 3. United Nations Organization (UNO) was established in 1945 and the most popular intergovernmental institute responsible for the prevention of war and conflict in the world. The UNO is an intergovernmental organization whose mission is to ensure international peace and security, promote cordial relations between nations, promote international cooperation, and serve as a central focus for coordinating national efforts. It is the world’s largest, most well-known, most widely represented, and most powerful intergovernmental organization. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City, on international territory, with main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and the Hague. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations organization that provides humanitarian and developmental aid to children around the world. With a presence in 192 countries and territories, the agency is one of the most well-known and well-known social welfare organizations in the world. Immunization and disease prevention are among UNICEF’s initiatives, as are HIV treatment for children and women, improving childhood and maternal nutrition, increasing sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in disasters. It was established in 1946. World Health Organization (WHO) Next on our list of international organizations is WHO. It is a United Nations specialized organization in charge of international public health. “The attainment by all people of the highest attainable degree of health,” declares the WHO Constitution, which sets the agency’s governance structure and ideals. It has six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It was established in 1948. World Economic Forum (WEF), based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) created on January 24, 1971. “Committed to improving the status of the world by engaging commercial, governmental, intellectual, and other leaders of society to influence global, regional, and industry agendas,” reads the WEF’s mission statement. International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the most prominent international organization established in 1945. .It is a 190-country international financial institution headquartered in Washington, D.C. that works to promote global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world while relying on the World Bank for resources on a periodic basis. World Bank is an international financial agency that lends and gives money to governments in low- and middle-income nations to fund capital projects. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA) are the two institutions that make up the organization (IDA). The World Bank Group consists of the World Bank and its subsidiaries. It is headquartered in Washington. It was established in 1944. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a multilateral organization that regulates and supports international trade. It began operations in 1995 as a result of the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement, which replaced the 1948-established General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). With 164 member states representing over 96 percent of global trade and GDP, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the world’s largest international economic organization. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a United Nations (UN) specialized agency charged with the duty to promote world peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, and culture. It consists of 193 member states, 11 associate members, and nongovernmental, intergovernmental, and corporate sector partners. UNESCO is headquartered in Paris, France, and has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions to help it carry out its global mandate. It was established in 1945. Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) is an economic union in Southeast Asia made up of ten member states that promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other Asian countries. The primary goal of ASEAN is to speed economic growth and, as a result, social and cultural development. It was established in 1967. It is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) is a 38-member intergovernmental economic organization formed in 1961 to promote economic advancement and global trade. As one of the most prominent international organizations on our list, OECD is responsible for trade and economic activities that identify themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy. It serves as a forum for members to share policy experiences, seek solutions to shared challenges, identify best practices, and coordinate their domestic and international policies. It headquartered in Paris. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is an international development bank dedicated to improving Asia’s economic and social conditions. Currently, the bank has 103 members and 21 prospective members from all around the world. The bank began operations after the agreement went into effect in 2015, with ratifications from ten member states accounting for 50 percent of the Authorized Capital Stock initial subscriptions. It is headquartered in Beijing, China The New Development Bank (NDB), originally known as the BRICS Development Bank, is a global development bank founded by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). “The Bank shall support public or private initiatives through loans, guarantees, equity participation, and other financial instruments,” according to the NDB Agreement. It was established in 2014. It is Headquartered in Shanghai, China. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization that seeks to preserve wilderness and reduce the human effects on the environment. It was created in 1961. The World Wildlife Fund was its last name, and it is still used in Canada and the United States. With over five million supporters globally, WWF is the world’s largest conservation organization, working in over 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects. It is headquartered Gland, Switzerland. COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Make sure you know the words and phrase in bold. 2. Fill in the gaps with information taken from the text. 1. The United Nations is … in New York City, on international territory, with main offices in … , Nairobi, … , and the Hague. 2. United Nations Children’s Fund is a United Nations organization that … humanitarian and developmental … to children around the world. 3. “The … by all people of the highest attainable degree of health,” … the WHO Constitution, which sets the … governance structure and ideals. 4. World Economic Forum, based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, … is an international … organization created on January 24, 1971. 5. International Monetary Fund works to promote global … cooperation, … financial stability, … international trade, promote high … and … economic growth. 6. The World Trade Organization is a … organization that regulates and … international trade. 7. UNESCO is a … specialized agency … with the duty with promoting world peace and security … international cooperation in education, science, and culture. 8. The primary … of ASEAN is … economic growth and, … result, social and cultural development. 9. World Wide Fund for Nature is an international non-governmental organization that seeks … wilderness and … the human effects on the environment. 10. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development serves as a forum for members to … policy experiences, seek solutions to shared …, identify best practices, and coordinate their … and international policies. UNIT 12. 3 Intergovernmental organizations: European Union (EU) United in diversity. PRE-QUESTION What facts do you know about the European Union? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Find the Russian equivalent:
2. Complete the gaps with the words and phrases below: 1. Maastricht Treaty; 2. procedural languages; 3. robust expansion; 4. enlargement; 5. founding member; 6. Notwithstanding; 7. predecessor; 8. resemble a federation; 9. to fulfill; 10. full force. 1. The EU undertook a … into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century. 2. The United Kingdom, which had been a … of the EU, left the organization in 2020. 3. The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the … . 4. Many aspects of the Union existed before 1992 through a series of … relationships, dating back to 1951. 5. English, French and German have the higher status of … and are used in the day-to-day workings of the European institutions. 6. Depending on the area, the EU may … , for example, on monetary affairs. 7. As to the … of the EU there were five successive ones, with the largest occurring on May 1, 2004. 8. … Greenland doesn’t enter the EU. 9. A monetary union was established in 1999, coming into … in 2002. 10. In order to join the European Union, a state needs … the economic and political conditions. TEXT 3 Read the text and point out the main stages in the development of the European Union The European Union (EU) is an intergovernmental organization of 27 nations. The EU is developing into a political union, trying to bring together the democratic countries of Europe. It is the biggest trading bloc in the world, has more people than the United States and exports and imports more goods than any other country in the world. The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union, the Maastricht Treaty. However, many aspects of the Union existed before that date through a series of predecessor relationships, dating back to 1951. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century. The EU’s members are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. The United Kingdom left the organization in 2020. It is the only member state to have left the EU, after 47 years of having been a part of the union. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU is known as Brexit (portmanteau of the words «British» and «exit»). Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Turkey, Iceland and Ukraine are «candidate countries»; they are being considered for membership. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are expected to follow. As to the enlargement of the EU there were five successive ones, with the largest occurring on May 1, 2004, when 10 new member states joined. Notwithstanding Greenland doesn’t enter the EU because it was granted home rule by Denmark in 1979 and left the European Community in 1985, following a referendum. The 24 languages are equally official and accepted as working languages. English, French and German have the higher status of procedural languages and are used in the day-to-day workings of the European institutions. The flag of the EU consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolize the people of Europe in a form of a circle, the sign of union. The number of stars is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety. «United in Diversity» was adopted as the motto of the union in 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. The key activity of the EU is the establishment and administration of a common single market. An internal single market has been established through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market; enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. The EU has abolished the passport controls within the Schengen Area (the World’s Largest Visa Free Zone). Residents and visitors can cross borders without getting visas or showing their passports. Also they can work in any of the 27 member states without needing a work permit. The area is named after the 1985 Schengen Agreement, international convention initially approved by Belgium, France, West Germany (later Germany), Luxembourg, and the Netherlands and signed in Schengen, Luxembourg, on June 14, 1985. In the same way, products made in one member country can be sold in any other member country without any special permissions or extra taxes. For this reason, the members agree rules on product safety - they want to know that a product made in another country will be as safe as it would be if it had been made in their own. A monetary union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002. The euro is the common currency for the EU area. It is the second most commonly held currency in the world, after the US dollar. The European Union’s activities cover all areas of public policy, from health and economic policy to foreign affairs and defense. However, the extent of its powers differs greatly between areas. Depending on the area, the EU may therefore resemble a federation, for example, on monetary affairs, agricultural, trade and environmental policy or a confederation, for example, on social and economic policy, consumer protection, home affairs, or even an international organization, for example, in foreign affairs. The most important EU institutions are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. Three bodies run the EU. The European Council represents national governments. The EU Council gets the second read on all laws and can accept the Parliament’s position, thus adopting the law. The Council is made up of the Union’s 27 heads of state, plus a president. The European Commission proposes new legislation. They make sure all members act consistently in regional, agricultural, and social policies. The commissioners serve a five-year term. The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary body of the European Union (EU). The President of the European Parliament (its speaker) presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the European People’s Party-European Democrats (EPP-ED) and the Party of European Socialists (PES). The European Parliament gets the first read of all laws the Commission proposes. Its members are elected every five years. The judicial branch of the European Union is formally called the Court of Justice of the European Union and consists of two courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of member states. Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states. The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU’s courts, and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law. In order to join the European Union, a state needs to fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria, after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993. Also, according to the EU Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree. In addition a candidate state must pay contribution. The European Union has an area more than 4 million km2 and approximately 450 million EU citizens. If it were a country, it would be the seventh largest in the world by area and the third largest by population after China and India. Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower. Comprehension Сheck |