NEW Учебник_ Английский 2022 (3)-1. University Life Learning Process and Challenges Students Face while Studying
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Some facts about Apple logo According to Steve Jobs, the company’s name was inspired by his visit to an apple farm while on a fruitarian diet. The fruit is the straight symbol of Isaac Newton’s brilliant discovery: just like an apple hit the scientist’s head, the law of gravity came home to him when Isaac was peacefully resting under the apple tree. The significance of this event put the beginning of science as we know it nowadays, it was as revolutionary as the creation of a first computer. Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by Rob Janoff’s (the Apple logo designer) “rainbow” Apple. It was the rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton’s discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976. Why is it half-bitten? Janoff stated that the bite had been added so that people don’t confuse the fruit imagery with a cherry. Moreover, the word bite symbolizes byte as per computer technology. In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a monochromatic logo - supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs - nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple’s software and hardware line. The logo’s shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years. Comprehension Check 1. Answer the following questions: 1. Where is the headquarters of Apple Inc. located? 2. When did the history of Apple start? 3. Who is considered to be a founder of the company? 4. Who invented the kits for the computers of the new company? 5. When was Apple officially incorporated? 6. Who provided the essential business expertise and funding during the incorporation of Apple? 7. When were the Apple II and III introduced? 8. What product did Steve Jobs introduce in 1984? 9. Why did Steve Jobs leave the company in 1985? 10. Did Apple have great success during 1990s? 11. When was the first iPhone presented? 12. Who was appointed as CEO after Jobs’ death? 13. What product did Apple present in 2020? 14. What are the most popular products of Apple? 15. What new products of Apple have been launched recently? 2. Decide whether these statements are true, false or information is not available: 1. History of Apple started in 1976 when friends Bill Gates, Stephen Wozniak and Ronald Wayne decided to create his own company. 2. Officially, the company was founded on the first of April 1976, and incorporated as Apple Computer in 1977. 3. The new company was sponsored by multi-millionaire Mike Markkula. 4. The Apple II and Apple III were released in 1977 and 1980. 5. The Macintosh was the first personal computer to be sold as a motherboard. 6. IBM and Microsoft were the partners of Apple. 7. During 1990s revenues from Apple doubled every four months and by 1997 it had amounted to $ 18 billion. 8. Steve Jobs left the company in 1985 because of the conflict with the board of directors. 9. After his leaving Jobs founded a new company to produce consumer electronics. 10. Steve Jobs returned to the company in 1997. 11. In 2003 Jobs presented the first iPhone. 12. Because of ill health, Jobs resigned as CEO in August 2011 and was succeeded by chief operating officer Tim Cook. 13. In 2014 Apple made its largest acquisition by buying the headphone manufacturer and music-streaming company Beats 14. In 2018 Apple became the first company to reach a value of ten trillion dollars. 15. The latest models of iPhone are very popular among the youth. 3. Find the synonyms to the following words: Trademark, to unveil, to keep in touch with smb, to manufacture, revenue, previous, compatibility, consumer, permanently, headquarters, employee, share, to compete, available. 4.Find the antonyms to the following words: Success, loss, widespread, genius, to intend, popularity, to exceed, innovative, powerful, revolutionary, to convert, to remove, conflict, progress, friendly. Grammar in Focus 1. Translate the sentences with the Object Clauses: 1. Mass Media reported that the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation had declared the international youth movement «Columbine» as terroristic one and banned it on the territory of Russia. 2. It is a well-known fact that the headquarters of United Nations Organization is located New York City. 3. The environmentalists want to know when the final test observations of this badly polluted lake will be resumed. 4. Nobody know why these two teams refused to participate in the competition of interdisciplinary projects. 5. I was sure you have been members of the scientific community while your internship in the USA. 6. We learnt from this text that Apple had not released any all-new products in the early years of Cook’s tenure. 7. The professor forgot whom he had given his documents with the results of the last research. 8. The first computer virus named Creeper was made as an experiment just to see how it spread between computers. 9. Do you know if any changes have been made in your report by your teacher? 10. The head of the laboratory does not think that your work is so difficult. 2. Translate the sentences with the Attribute Clause: 1. There are several machines discovered for lung cancer diagnosis, which are becoming perfect with time. 2. The expert has found the important papers that he was looking for. 3. A person who is a citizen of the European Union can live and work in any of the 27 member states without needing a work permit or visa. 4. The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. 5. The manager of our office, who is a highly educated man, speaks several foreign languages. 6. In 2020 Apple introduced its own microprocessor, the M1, for Mac computers, which had previously used Intel chips. 7. Rob Janoff is the Apple logo designer who created the rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it. 8. The delegation went to the headquarters of Apple which is located in the Silicon Valley. 9. Steve Jobs was the important person who contributed to the breakthrough in the field of IT. 10. Covid-19 was a recent disaster that required the rapid discovery of new medicine or vaccine to treat coronavirus attack. Speaking Workshop 1.* Give a presentation about the latest gadgets released by Apple Inc. or other companies. 2.* Give a presentation on the topic «The Most Significant Multinational Corporation of Today’s World». 3*. Speak on the topic «International Organizations» using these clichés: 1. I would like to tell you about /This text is about ... . 2.According to the text … . 3.As I understood from the text ... . 4. As it is described in the text ... . 5.As seen from the text … . 6.As for me I learnt that … . 7.It is pointed out that … . 8. I didn’t know that … . 9.Connecting words: moreover, you know, besides, nevertheless, however, therefore. 10. In conclusion I would like to tell /To sum up/Finally/To conclude ... . Listening 1. Listen to the text Smartphones on http://www.esl-lab.com 2. Do the tasks given. VIDEO 1.Watch the video Steve Jobs introduces the first iPhone on https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=tTK_BHKjQO8 2.Introduce any gadget you wish. WRITING Write an essay Role of Gadgets in My Life. UNIT 13. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SCIENCE PROJECTS OF TODAY’S WORLD To know everything is to know nothing. PRE-Questions 1. What international scientific projects do you know? 2. Have you ever heard about the scientific projects carried out by Russian scientists? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Find the appropriate equivalent:
2. Complete the gaps with the words and phrases below: 1. constellation; 2. spin structure; 3. relativistic; primordial form; 4. launch vehicles; 5. collapse; 6. weightlessness; 7. supplanting; 8. high energy gain; 9. The National Ignition Facility; confinement fusion; 10. funded; propellant;11. to build on; 12. facility’s capabilities. 1. By colliding protons, the … of the proton is explored. 2. SpaceX is an American space transport company that manufactures Falcon … and Dragon cargo spacecraft. 3. SpaceX’s achievements include the first privately … liquid-… rocket . 4. National Ignition Facility’s mission is to achieve fusion ignition with … . 5. The basic concept of all inertial confinement fusion devices is to rapidly … a small amount of fuel so the pressure and temperature reach fusion-relevant conditions. 6. … is a large laser-based inertial … research device, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. 7. Starship is intended to become SpaceX’s primary orbital vehicle once operational, … the existing launch vehicles. 8. Scientists and astronauts from NASA examine human physiology, studying the effects of … on bone density. 9. By using the Ion Collider to collide ions traveling at … speed, physicists study the … of matter. 10. The company is developing a satellite mega … named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. 11. At the core of the new … is the large and wide golden mirror. 12. Webb’s mission is … the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope. TEXT Read the text and fish out the facts dealing with location, main aims and results of the science projects mentioned. These science projects range from the world’s largest undersea observatory to the Next Generation Space Telescope, but they are all massive, often in both size and scope. Let’s take a look more closely at some of them. 1. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the first and one of only two operating heavy-ion colliders, and the only spin-polarized proton collider ever built. It is located at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York, and used by an international team of researchers. By using RHIC to collide ions traveling at relativistic speed, physicists study the primordial form of matter that existed in the universe shortly after the Big Bang. By colliding protons, the spin structure of the proton is explored. RHIC is as of 2019 the second-highest-energy heavy-ion collider in the world. As of 2010, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has collided heavy ions of lead at higher energies than RHIC. The LHC operating time for ions (lead-lead and lead-proton collisions) is limited to about one month per year. In 2010, RHIC physicists published results of temperature measurements from earlier experiments which concluded that temperatures in excess of 345 MeV (4 terakelvins or 7 trillion degrees Fahrenheit) had been achieved in gold ion collisions, and that these collision temperatures resulted in the breakdown of «normal matter» and the creation of a liquid-like quark–gluon plasma. 2. SpaceX Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) is an American space transport company that manufactures Falcon launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Dragon cargo spacecraft and Starlink communications satellites. The headquarters is located in Hawthorne, California, USA. The company was founded by Elon Musk, an engineer, inventor and a business magnate. The goal of SpaceX is reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars. SpaceX’s achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit, the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft, the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station, the first vertical take-off and vertical propulsive landing for an orbital rocket, the first reuse of an orbital rocket, and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station. SpaceX has flown the Falcon 9 series of rockets over one hundred times. The company is developing a satellite mega constellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. In January 2020, the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched. The company is also developing Starship, a privately funded, fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch system for interplanetary spaceflight. Starship is intended to become SpaceX’s primary orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon fleet. Starship will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever on its debut, scheduled for the early 2020s. 3. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a large laser-based inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research device, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. It stretches the length of three football fields, stands 10 stories tall, and generates two million joules of ultraviolet energy. NIF uses lasers to heat and compress a small amount of hydrogen fuel with the goal of inducing nuclear fusion reactions. NIF’s mission is to achieve fusion ignition with high energy gain, and to support nuclear weapon maintenance. NIF is the largest and most energetic device built to date, and the largest laser in the world. The basic concept of all ICF devices is to rapidly collapse a small amount of fuel so the pressure and temperature reach fusion-relevant conditions. NIF does this by heating the outer layer of a small plastic sphere with the world’s most energetic laser. 4. The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is operated by Russia, while the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) is run by the United States as well as many other nations The station serves as a microgravity and space laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. Scientists and astronauts from NASA also examine human physiology, studying the effects of weightlessness on bone density and red-blood-cell production and how the immune system changes during long periods in space. 5. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope developed by NASA with contributions from the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The telescope is named after James E. Webb, who was the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 and played an integral role in the Apollo program. It is intended to succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA’s flagship mission in astrophysics. After 31 years in orbit, Hubble seems to be nearing the end of operations. Webb’s mission is to build on the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope. Webb’s telescope will look deeper into the space and, as a consequence, much further back in time. At the core of the new facility’s capabilities is its 6.5m-wide golden mirror. This remarkable reflecting surface, allied to four super-sensitive instruments, should enable Webb to detect the light from the very first stars. These objects are considered to have ignited more than 13.5 billion years ago. It will also have the power to probe the atmospheres of distant planets to look for gases that might hint at the presence of life. Webb’s telescope was launched December 25, 2021. 6. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometers in circumference and as deep as 175 meters beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva. The LHC has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. Seven detectors, each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions: lead–lead collisions and proton–lead collisions are typically performed for one month a year. The LHC’s goal is to allow physicists to test the diverse theories, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, and other unresolved questions in particle physics. Many scientists hope that the Large Hadron Collider will help answer some of the fundamental open questions in physics, which concern the basic laws governing the interactions and forces among the elementary objects, the deep structure of space and time, and in particular the interrelation between quantum mechanics and general relativity. 7. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most versatile, renowned both as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA’s Great Observatories. Hubble is the only telescope designed to be maintained in space by astronauts. The Hubble Space Telescope has a clear view of the universe free from the blurring and absorbing effects of the atmosphere. In addition to observing visible and near-infrared light, Hubble detects ultraviolet light, which is absorbed by the atmosphere and visible only from space. The telescope has beamed hundreds of thousands of celestial images back to Earth during its time in space Five Space Shuttle missions have repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope, including all five of the main instruments. The fifth mission was initially canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster (2003), but after NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin approved it, it was completed in 2009. The telescope completed 30 years of operation in April 2020 and is predicted to last until 2030–2040. 8. The Neptune Ocean Observatory project is part of Ocean Networks Canada which is a University of Victoria initiative. It is the world’s first regional-scale underwater ocean observatory that plugs directly into the Internet. Hundreds of instruments have been connected to the Internet by way of shielded cables carrying both power and fiber-optic communication lines. A database will archive and provide networked access to all archived data. Taking advantage of this platform, scientists collaborating with Neptune are expected to conduct thousands of unique experiments over the life of the project. 9. Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source facility in the U.S. that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. Each year, this facility hosts hundreds of researchers from universities, national laboratories, and industry, who conduct basic and applied research and technology development using neutrons. SNS is part of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle for the United States Department of Energy (DOE). SNS is a DOE Office of Science user facility, and it is open to scientists and researchers from all over the world. A movie camera for molecules draws between 25 and 28 megawatts of power from the electrical grid and uses about 8.5 million gallons of water to stay cool. During operation, the particle accelerator in the SNS sends bursts of two quadrillion neutrons per pulse down into a target chamber. 10.The Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory located in central New Mexico on the Plains of San Agustin. The VLA comprises twenty-eight 25-meter radio telescopes deployed in a Y-shaped array and all the equipment, instrumentation, and computing power to function as an interferometer. Each of the massive telescopes is mounted on double parallel railroad tracks, so the radius and density of the array can be transformed to adjust the balance between its angular resolution and its surface brightness sensitivity. Astronomers using the VLA have made key observations of black holes and protoplanetary disks around young stars, discovered magnetic filaments, and traced complex gas motions at the Milky Way’s center, probed the Universe’s cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce radio emission. Comprehension Check |