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Глава 5. Связи между мозгом и телом 1. C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: Oxford University Press, 1998). 2. Там же, стр. 71. 3. Там же. 4. Там же, стр. 71–72. 5. P. Ekman, Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978). См. также: C.E. Izard, The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX) (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center, 1979). 6. S. W. Porges, The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self- Regulation , Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2011). 7. Так Стивен Поргес и Сью Картер называли вен- тральную ветвь блуждающего нерва. http://www.pesi.com/ bookstore/ A_Neural_Love_Code__The_Body_s_Need_to_Engage_ and_ Bond-details.aspx 8. S. S. Tomkins, Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (vol. 1, The Positive Affects) (New York: Springer, 1962); S. S. Tomkin, Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (vol. 2, The Negative Affects) (New York: Springer, 1963). 9. P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Macmillan, 2007); P. Ekman, The Face of Man: Expressions of Universal Emotions in a New Guinea Village (New York: Garland STPM Press, 1980). 10. См., например, B. M. Levinson, “Human/ Companion Animal Therapy”, Journal of Contempora ry Psychotherapy 14, no. 2 (1984): 131–44; D. A. Willis, “Animal Therapy”, Rehabilitation Nursing 22, no. 2 (1997): 78–81; and A. H. Fine, ed., Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice (Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2010). 11. P. Ekman, R. W. Levenson, and W. V. Friesen, “Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Between Emotions”, Science 221 (1983): 1208–10. 12. J. H. Jackson, “Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System”, in Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson, ed. J. Taylor (London: Stapes Press, 1958), 45–118. 13. Про эту аналогию с зоомагазином мне рассказал Пор- гес. 14. S. W. Porges, J. A. Doussard-Roosevelt, and A. K. Maiti, “Vagal Tone and the Physiological Regulation of Emotion”, in The Development of Emotion Regulation: Biological and Behavioral Considerations , ed. N. A. Fox, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, vol. 59 (2–3, serial no. 240) (1994), 167–86. http://www.amazon.com/The-Development-Emotion- Regulation-Considerations/dp/0226259404 15. V. Felitti, et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245– 58. 16. S. W. Porges, “Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage: A Polyvagal Theory”, Psychophysiology 32 (1995): 301–18. 17. B. A. Van der Kolk, “The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress”, Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 5 (1994): 253–65. Глава 6. Теряя тело, теряя себя 1. K. L. Walsh, et al., “Resiliency Factors in the Relation Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adulthood Sexual Assault in College-Age Women”, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 16, no. 1 (2007): 1–17. 2. A. C. McFarlane, “The Long-Term Costs of Traumatic Stress: Intertwined Physical and Psychological Consequences”, World Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (2010): 3–10. 3. W. James, “What Is an Emotion?” Mind 9: 188–205. 4. R. L. Bluhm, et al., “Alterations in Default Network Connectivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Early- Life Trauma”, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 34, no. 3 (2009): 187. См. также: J. K. Daniels, et al., “Switching Between Executive and Default Mode Networks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Alterations in Functional Connectivity”, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 35, no. 4 (2010): 258. 5. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Hartcourt Brace, 1999). Damasio actually says, “Consciousness was invented so that we could know life”, с. 31. 6. A. Damasio, Feeling of What Happens, стр. 28. 7. Там же, стр. 29. 8. A. Damasio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York: Random House Digital, 2012), 17. 9. Damasio, Feeling of What Happens, стр. 256. 10. Antonio R. Damasio, et al., “Subcortical and Cortical Brain Activity During the Feeling of Self-Generated Emotions”. Nature Neuroscience 3, vol. 10 (2000):1049–56. 11. A. A. T. S. Reinders, et al., “One Brain, Two Selves”, NeuroImage 20 (2003): 2119–25. См. также: E. R. S. Nijenhuis, O. Van der Hart, and K. Steele, “The Emerging Psychobiology of Trauma-Related Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders”, in Biological Psychiatry, vol. 2., eds. H. A. H. D’Haenen, J. A. den Boer, and P. Willner (West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2002), 1079–198; J. Parvizi and A. R. Damasio, “Consciousness and the Brain Stem”, Cognition 79 (2001): 135–59; F. W. Putnam, “Dissociation and Disturbances of Self”, in Dysfunctions of the Self , vol. 5, eds. D. Cicchetti and S. L. Toth (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1994), 251–65; and F. W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective (New York: Guilford, 1997). 12. A. D’Argembeau, et al., “Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-Referential Processing and Perspective Taking”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (2007): 935–44. См. также: N. A. Farb, et al., “Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 313–22; and B. K. Hölzel, et al., “Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (2008): 55–61. 13. P. A. Levine, Healing Trauma: A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2008); and P. A. Levine, In an Unspoken Voice: How the Body Releases Trauma and Restores Goodness (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2010). 14. P. Ogden and K. Minton, “Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: One Method for Processing Traumatic Memory”, Traumatology 6, no. 3 (2000): 149–73; and P. Ogden, K. Minton, and C. Pain, Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2006). 15. D. A. Bakal, Minding the Body: Clinical Uses of Somatic Awareness (New York: Guilford Press, 2001). 16. На эту тему было проведено огромное количество исследований. Вот лишь несколько примеров: J. Wolfe, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and War-Zone Exposure as Correlates of Perceived Health in Female Vietnam War Veterans”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62, no. 6 (1994): 1235–40; L. A. Zoellner, M. L. Goodwin, and E. B. Foa, “PTSD Severity and Health Perceptions in Female Victims of Sexual Assault”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, no. 4 (2000): 635–49; E. M. Sledjeski, B. Speisman, and L. C. Dierker, “Does Number of Lifetime Traumas Explain the Relationship Between PTSD and Chronic Medical Conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R)”, Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31 (2008): 341–49; J. A. Boscarino, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Physical Illness: Results from Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 141–53; M. Cloitre, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extent of Trauma Exposure as Correlates of Medical Problems and Perceived Health Among Women with Childhood Abuse”, Women & Health 34, no. 3 (2001): 1–17; D. Lauterbach, R. Vora, and M. Rakow, “The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Self- Reported Health Problems”, Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 6 (2005): 939–47; B. S. McEwen, “Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators”, New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 3 (1998): 171–79; P. P. Schnurr and B. L. Green, Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004). 17. P. K. Trickett, J. G. Noll, and F. W. Putnam, “The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study”, Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (2011): 453. 18. K. Kosten and F. Giller Jr., “Alexithymia as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 5, no. 4 (October 1992): 563–73. 19. G. J. Taylor and R. M. Bagby, “New Trends in Alexithymia Research”, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 73, no. 2 (2004): 68–77. 20. R. D. Lane, et al., “Impaired Verbal and Nonverbal Emotion Recognition in Alexithymia”, Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 3 (1996): 203–10. 21. H. Krystal and J. H. Krystal, Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (New York: Analytic Press, 1988). 22. P. Frewen, et al., “Clinical and Neural Correlates of Alexithymia in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 1 (2008): 171–81. 23. D. Finkelhor, R. K. Ormrod, and H. A. Turner, “Re- Victimization Patterns in a National Longitudinal Sample of Children and Youth”, Child Abuse & Neglect 31, no. 5 (2007): 479–502; J. A. Schumm, S. E. Hobfoll, and N. J. Keogh, “Revictimization and Interpersonal Resource Loss Predicts PTSD Among Women in Substance-Use Treatment”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 17, no. 2 (2004): 173–81; J. D. Ford, J. D. Elhai, D. F. Connor, and B. C. Frueh, “Poly-Victimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents”, Journal of Adolescent Health 46, no. 6 (2010): 545–52. 24. P. Schilder, “Depersonalization”, in Introduction to a Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (New York: International Universities Press, 1952), стр. 120. 25. S. Arzy, et al., “Neural Mechanisms of Embodiment: Asomatognosia Due to Premotor Cortex Damage”, Archives of Neurology 63, no. 7 (2006): 1022–25. См. также: S. Arzy, et al., “Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person”, Nature 443, no. 7109 (2006): 287; S. Arzy, et al., “Neural Basis of Embodiment: Distinct Contributions of Temporoparietal Junction and Extrastriate Body Area”, Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 31 (2006): 8074–81; O. Blanke, et al., “Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin”, Brain 127, part 2 (2004): 243–58; and M. Sierra, et al., “Unpacking the Depersonalization Syndrome: An Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale”, Psychological Medicine 35 (2005): 1523–32. 26. A. A. T. Reinders, et al., “Psychobiological Characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Symptom Provocation Study”, Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 7 (2006): 730–40. 27. В своей книге «Focusing» Юджин Гендил придумал термин «испытанное чувство»: «испытанное чувство не вос- принимается мозгом, а является физическим ощущением. Тело по-своему воспринимает ситуацию, человека или собы- тие». Focusing (New York: Random House Digital, 1982). 28. C. Steuwe, et al., “Effect of Direct Eye Contact in PTSD Related to Interpersonal Trauma: An fMRI Study of Activation of an Innate Alarm System”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–97. Глава 7. На одной волне: привязанность и подстройка 1. N. Murray, E. Koby, and B. van der Kolk, “The Effects of Abuse on Children’s Thoughts”, Глава 4 in Psychological Trauma (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987). 2. Исследователь привязанности Мэри Майн рассказыва- ла шестилетним детям историю про мальчика, мать кото- рого пропала, и попросила их ее продолжить. Большинство детей, у которых были теплые и защищенные отношения с матерью в младенчестве, придумали оригинальное продол- жение с хорошим концом, в то время как дети, чьи отно- шения с матерью пять лет назад классифицировались как беспорядочная привязанность, как правило, придумывали всякие трагедии и зачастую давали пугающие ответы вро- де: «Родители умрут» или «Ребенок себя убьет». Из кни- ги: Mary Main, Nancy Kaplan, and Jude Cassidy, “Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation”, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (1985). 3. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. 1, Attachment (New York: Random House, 1969); J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. 2, Separation: Anxiety and Anger (New York: Penguin, 1975); J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. 3, Loss: Sadness and Depression (New York: Basic, 1980); J. Bowlby, “The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother”, International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 39, no. 5 (1958): 350–73. 4. C. Trevarthen, “Musicality and the Intrinsic Motive Pulse: Evidence from Human Psychobiology and Rhythms, Musical Narrative, and the Origins of Human Communication”, Muisae Scientiae , special issue, 1999, 157–213. 5. A. Gopnik and A. N. Meltzof, Words, Toughts, and Theories (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997); A. N. Meltzof and M. K. Moore, “Newborn Infants Imitate Adult Facial Gestures”, Child Development 54, no. 3 (June 1983): 702–9; A. Gopnik, A. N. Meltzof, and P. K. Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn (New York: HarperCollins, 2009). 6. E. Z. Tronick, “Emotions and Emotional Communication in Infants”, American Psychologist 44, no. 2 (1989): 112. См. также: E. Tronick, The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007); E. Tronick and M. Beeghly, “Infants’ Meaning-Making and the Development of Mental Health Problems”, American Psychologist 66, no. 2 (2011): 107; and A. V. Sravish, et al., “Dyadic Flexibility During the Face-to- Face Still-Face Paradigm: A Dynamic Systems Analysis of Its Temporal Organization”, Infant Behavior and Development 36, no. 3 (2013): 432–37. 7. M. Main, “Overview of the Field of Attachment”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, no. 2 (1996): 237–43. 8. D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (New York: Psychology Press, 1971). См. также: D. W. Winnicott, “The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment”, (1965); and D. W. Winnicott, Trough Paediatrics to Psycho- analysis: Collected Papers (New York: Brunner/ Mazel, 1975). 9. Как мы уже видели в шестой главе и как продемонстри- ровал Дамасио, это ощущение внутренней реальности, как минимум отчасти, заложено в островке – структуре мозга, играющей центральную роль в связи между телом и разумом, работа которой зачастую оказывается нарушена у людей с хронической травмой в прошлом. 10. D. W. Winnicott, Primary Maternal Preoccupation (London: Tavistock, 1956), 300–5. 11. S. D. Pollak, et al., “Recognizing Emotion in Faces: Developmental Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect”, Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 679. 12. P. M. Crittenden, “Peering into the Black Box: An Exploratory Treatise on the Development of Self in Young Children”, Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, vol. 5, Disorders and Dysfunctions of the Self eds. D. Cicchetti and S. L. Toth (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1994), 79; P. M. Crittenden and A. Landini, Assessing Adult Attachment: A Dynamic-Maturational Approach to Discourse Analysis (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011). 13. Patricia M. Crittenden, “Children’s Strategies for Coping with Adverse Home Environments: An Interpretation Using Attachment Theory”, Child Abuse & Neglect 16, no. 3 (1992): 329–43. 14. Main, 1990, указанная публикация. 15. Main, 1990, указанная публикация. 16. Там же. 17. E. Hesse and M. Main, “Frightened, Threatening, and Dissociative Parental Behavior in Low-Risk Samples: Description, Discussion, and Interpretations”, Development and Psychopathology 18, no. 2 (2006): 309–43. См. также: E. Hesse and M. Main, “Disorganized Infant, Child, and Adult Attachment: Collapse in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 48, no. 4 (2000): 1097–127. 18. M. Main, “Overview of the Field of Attachment”, Ука- занная публикация. 19. E. Hesse and M. Main, 1995, Указанная публикация, стр. 310. 20. Мы рассматривали это с биологической точки зре- ния, когда обсуждали «оцепенение без страха» в пятой гла- ве. S. W. Porges, “Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage: A Polyvagal Theory”, Psychophysiology 32 (1995): 301–18. 21. M. H. van Ijzendoorn, C. Schuengel, and M. Bakermans- Kranenburg, “Disorganized Attachment in Early Childhood: Meta-analysis of Precursors, Concomitants, and Sequelae”, Development and Psychopathology 11 (1999): 225–49. 22. Ijzendoorn, Указанная публикация. 23. N. W. Boris, M. Fueyo, and C. H. Zeanah, “The Clinical Assessment of Attachment in Children Under Five”, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (1997): 291–93; K. Lyons-Ruth, “Attachment Relationships Among Children with Aggressive Behavior Problems: The Role of Disorganized Early Attachment Patterns”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, no. 1 (1996), 64. 24. Stephen W. Porges, et al., “Infant Regulation of the Vagal ‘Brake’ Predicts Child Behavior Problems: A Psychobiological Model of Social Behavior”, Developmental Psychobiology 29, no. 8 (1996): 697–712. 25. Louise Hertsgaard, et al., “Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized/ Disoriented Attachment Relationships”, Child Development 66, no. 4 (1995): 1100–6; Gottfried Spangler, and Klaus E. Grossmann, “Biobehavioral Organization in Securely and Insecurely Attached Infants”, Child Development 64, no. 5 (1993): 1439–50. 26. Main and Hesse, 1990, Указанная публикация. 27. M. H. van Ijzendoorn, et al., “Disorganized Attachment in Early Childhood”, Указанная публикация. 28. B. Beebe and F. M. Lachmann, Infant Research and Adult Treatment: Coconstructing Interactions (New York: Routledge, 2013); B. Beebe, F. Lachmann, and J. Jafe, “Mother- Infant Interaction Structures and Presymbolic Self- and Object Representations”, Psychoanalytic Dialogues 7, no. 2 (1997): 133–82. 29. R. Yehuda, et al., “Vulnerability to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Offspring of Holocaust Survivors”, American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 9 (1998): 1163–71. См. также: R. Yehuda, et al., “Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Characteristics of Holocaust Survivors and Their Adult Offspring”, American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 6 (1998): 841–43; R. Yehuda, et al., “Parental Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Vulnerability Factor for Low Cortisol Trait in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors”, Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 9 (2007): 1040 and R. Yehuda, et al., “Maternal, Not Paternal, PTSD Is Related to Increased Risk for PTSD in Offspring of Holocaust Survivors”, Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, no. 13 (2008): 1104–11. 30. R. Yehuda, et al., “Transgenerational Effects of PTSD in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the WTC Attacks During Pregnancy”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (2005): 4115–18. 31. G. Saxe, et al., “Relationship Between Acute Morphine and the Course of PTSD in Children with Burns”, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 8 (2001): 915–21. См. также: G. N. Saxe, et al., “Pathways to PTSD, Part I: Children with Burns”, American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 7 (2005): 1299–304. 32. C. M. Chemtob, Y. Nomura, and R. A. Abramovitz, “Impact of Conjoined Exposure to the World Trade Center Attacks and to Other Traumatic Events on the Behavioral Problems of Preschool Children”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162, no. 2 (2008): 126. См. также: P. J. Landrigan, et al., “Impact of September 11 World Trade Center Disaster on Children and Pregnant Women”, Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 75, no. 2 (2008): 129–34. 33. D. Finkelhor, R. K. Ormrod, and H. A. Turner, “Polyvictimization and Trauma in a National Longitudinal Cohort”, Development and Psychopathology 19, no. 1 (2007): 149–66; J. D. Ford, et al., “Polyvictimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents”, Journal of Adolescent Health 46, no. 6 (2010): 545–52; J. D. Ford, et al., “Clinical Significance of a Proposed Development Trauma Disorder Diagnosis: Results of an International Survey of Clinicians”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 74, no. 8 (2013): 841–49. 34. Family Pathways Project, http://www.challiance.org/ academics/familypathwaysproject.aspx. 35. K. Lyons Ruth and D. Block, “The Disturbed Caregiving System: Relations Among Childhood Trauma, Maternal Caregiving, and Infant Affect and Attachment”, Infant Mental Health Journal 17, no. 3 (1996): 257–75. 36. K. Lyons-Ruth, “The Two-Person Construction of Defenses: Disorganized Attachment Strategies, Unintegrated Mental States, and Hostile/Helpless Relational Processes”, Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 2 (2003): 105. 37. G. Whitmer, “On the Nature of Dissociation”, Psychoanalytic Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2001): 807–37. См. также: K. Lyons-Ruth, «The Two-Person Construction of Defenses: Disorganized Attachment Strategies, Unintegrated Mental States, and Hostile/Helpless Relational Processes”, Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 2, no. 4 (2002): 107–19. 38. Mary S. Ainsworth and John Bowlby, “An Ethological Approach to Personality Development”, American Psychologist 46, no. 4 (April 1991): 333–41. 39. K. Lyons-Ruth and D. Jacobvitz, 1999; Main, 1993; K. Lyons-Ruth, “Dissociation and the Parent-Infant Dialogue: A Longitudinal Perspective from Attachment Research”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 51, no. 3 (2003): 883–911. 40. L. Dutra, et al., “Quality of Early Care and Childhood Trauma: A Prospective Study of Developmental Pathways to Dissociation”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, no. 6 (2009): 383. См. также: K. Lyons-Ruth, et al., “Borderline Symptoms and Suicidality/Self-Injury in Late Adolescence: Prospectively Observed Relation-ship Correlates in Infancy and Childhood”, Psychiatry Research 206, nos. 2–3 (April 30, 2013): 273–81. 41. Метаанализ относительного вклада беспорядочной привязанности и плохого обращения с детьми: C. Schuengel, et al., “Frightening Maternal Behavior Linking Unresolved Loss and Disorganized Infant Attachment”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 1 (1999): 54. 42. K. Lyons-Ruth and D. Jacobvitz, “Attachment Disorganization: Genetic Factors, Parenting Contexts, and Developmental Transformation from Infancy to Adult-hood”, in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications , 2nd ed., ed. J. Cassidy and R. Shaver (New York: Guilford Press, 2008), 666–97. См. Также: E. O’connor, et al., “Risks and Outcomes Associated with Disorganized/ Controlling Patterns of Attachment at Age Tree Years in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development”, Infant Mental Health Journal 32, no. 4 (2011): 450–72; and K. Lyons-Ruth, et al., “Borderline Symptoms and Suicidality/Self-Injury”. 43. На данный момент нам мало известно о том, какие факторы влияют на развитие этих ранних нарушений регу- ляции, однако, скорее всего, различные жизненные собы- тия, качество других отношений и даже, возможно, генети- ческие факторы способны менять их со временем. Чрезвы- чайно важно изучить, насколько последовательное и сосре- доточенное воспитание детей, столкнувшихся в раннем дет- стве с жестоким и пренебрежительным обращением, способ- но изменить их биологические системы. 44. E. Warner, et al., “Can the Body Change the Score? Application of Sensory Modulation Principles in the Treatment of Traumatized Adolescents in Residential Settings”, Journal of Family Violence 28, no. 7 (2003): 729–38. |