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Глава 14. Слова: чудо и тирания 1. Dr. Spencer Eth to Bessel A. van der Kolk, March 2002. 2. J. Breuer and S. Freud, “The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena”, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1893). J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria (New York: Basic Books, 2009). 3. T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (New York: Doubleday, 1935). 4. E. B. Foa, et al., “The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and Validation”, Psychological Assessment 11, no. 3 (1999): 303–14. 5. K. Marlantes, What It Is Like to Go to War (New York: Grove Press, 2011). 6. Там же, стр. 114. 7. Там же, стр. 129. 8. H. Keller, The World I Live In (1908), ed. R. Shattuck (New York: NYRB Classics, 2004). См. также: R. Shattuck, “A World of Words”, New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004. 9. H. Keller, The Story of My Life, ed. R. Shattuck and D. Herrmann (New York: Norton, 2003). 10. W. M. Kelley, et al., “Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (2002): 785–94. См. также: N. A. Farb, et al., “Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self- Reference”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 313–22. P. M. Niedenthal, “Embodying Emotion”, Science 316, no. 5827 (2007): 1002–5; and J. M. Allman, “The Anterior Cingulate Cortex”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935, no. 1 (2001): 107–17. 11. J. Kagan, dialogue with the Dalai Lama, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://www.mindandlife.org/ about/history/. 12. A. Goldman and F. de Vignemont, “Is Social Cognition Embodied?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 4 (2009): 154–59. См. также: A. D. Craig, “How Do You Feel- Now? The Anterior Insula and Human Awareness”, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (2009): 59–70; H. D. Critchley, “Neural Mechanisms of Autonomic, Affective, and Cognitive Integration”, Journal of Comparative Neurology 493, no. 1 (2005): 154–66; T. D. Wager, et al., “Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation”, Neuron 59, no. 6 (2008): 1037–50; K. N. Ochsner, et al., “Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (2002): 1215–29; A. D’Argembeau, et al., “Self-Reflection Across Time: Cortical Midline Structures Differentiate Between Present and Past Selves”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 3 (2008): 244–52; Y. Ma, et al., “Sociocultural Patterning of Neural Activity During Self-Reflection”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (2014): 73–80; R. N. Spreng, R. A. Mar, and A. S. Kim, “The Common Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, Navigation, Theory of Mind, and the Default Mode: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (2009): 489–510; H. D. Critchley, “The Human Cortex Responds to an Interoceptive Challenge”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 17 (2004): 6333–34; and C. Lamm, C. D. Batson, and J. Decety, “The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-Taking and Cognitive Appraisal”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (2007): 42–58. 13. J. W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford Press, 2012), 12. 14. Там же, стр. 19. 15. Там же, стр. 35. 16. Там же, стр. 50. 17. J. W. Pennebaker, J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser, and R. Glaser, “Disclosure of Traumas and Immune Function: Health Implications for Psychotherapy”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56, no. 2 (1988): 239–45. 18. D. A. Harris, “Dance/ Movement Therapy Approaches to Fostering Resilience and Recovery Among African Adolescent Torture Survivors”, Torture 17, no. 2 (2007): 134–55; M. Bensimon, D. Amir, and Y. Wolf, “Drumming Trough Trauma: Music Therapy with Posttraumatic Soldiers”, Arts in Psychotherapy 35, no. 1 (2008): 34–48; M. Weltman, “Movement Therapy with Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused”, American Journal of Dance Therapy 9, no. 1 (1986): 47–66; H. Englund, “Death, Trauma and Ritual: Mozambican Refugees in Malawi”, Social Science & Medicine 46, no. 9 (1998): 1165–74; H. Teferi, Building on Traditional Strengths: The Unaccompanied Refugee Children from South Sudan (1996); D. Tolfree, Restoring Playfulness: Different Approaches to Assisting Children Who Are Psychologically Affected by War or Displacement (Stockholm: Rädda Barnen, 1996), 158–73; N. Boothby, “Mobilizing Communities to Meet the Psychosocial Needs of Children in War and Refugee Crises”, in Minefields in Their Hearts: The Mental Health of Children in War and Communal Violence , ed. R. Apfel and B. Simon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 149–64; S. Sandel, S. Chaiklin, and A. Lohn, Foundations of Dance/ Movement Therapy: The Life and Work of Marian Chace (Columbia, MD: American Dance Therapy Association, 1993); K. Callaghan, “Movement Psychotherapy with Adult Survivors of Political Torture and Organized Violence”, Arts in Psychotherapy 20, no. 5 (1993): 411–21; A. E. L. Gray, “The Body Remembers: Dance Movement Therapy with an Adult Survivor of Torture”, American Journal of Dance Therapy 23, no. 1 (2001): 29-43. 19. A. M. Krantz, and J. W. Pennebaker, “Expressive Dance, Writing, Trauma, and Health: When Words Have a Body”, Whole Person Healthcare 3 (2007): 201–29. 20. P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (London: Oxford University Press, 1975). 21. Эти результаты были повторно получены в следу- ющих исследованиях: J. D. Bremner, “Does Stress Damage the Brain?” Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (1999): 797–805; I. Liberzon, et al., “Brain Activation in PTSD in Response to Trauma-Related Stimuli”, Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (1999): 817–26; L. M. Shin, et al., “Visual Imagery and Perception in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomographic Investigation”, Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 3 (1997): 233–41; L. M. Shin, et al., “Regional Cerebral Blood Flow During Script-Driven Imagery in Childhood Sexual Abuse – Related PTSD: A PET Investigation”, American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 4 (1999): 575–84. 22. Не уверен, от кого пошел этот термин – от меня или от Питера Левина. У меня есть видео, на котором он утвер- ждает, что от меня, однако большую часть того, что знаю о раскачивании, я узнал от него. 23. Существует немного доказательств того, что сенсор- ная/акупунктурная стимуляция дает лучший результат, чем традиционные методики релаксации (www.vetcases.com). D. Church, et al., “Single-Session Reduction of the Intensity of Traumatic Memories in Abused Adolescents After EFT: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study”, Traumatology 18, no. 3 (2012): 73–79; and D. Feinstein and D. Church, “Modulating Gene Expression Trough Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Noninvasive Somatic Interventions”, Review of General Psychology 14, no. 4 (2010): 283–95. 24. T. Gil, et al., “Cognitive Functioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 3, no. 1 (1990): 29–45; J. J. Vasterling, et al., “Attention, Learning, and Memory Performances and Intellectual Resources in Vietnam Veterans: PTSD and No Disorder Comparisons”, Neuropsychology 16, no. 1 (2002): 5. 25. В ходе исследования с применением методов нейро- визуализации у пациентов с ПТСР в ответ на нейтральные слова деактивировались речевые центры мозга, область Бро- ка. Другими словами, снижение активности области Брока, обнаруженное нами у пациентов с ПТСР (см. третью гла- ву), происходило не только в ответ на травматические вос- поминания, но и когда их просили обратить внимание на нейтральные слова. Это означает, что пациентам с ПТСР гораздо сложнее выразить свои чувства и мысли о рядо- вых событиях. Кроме того, у группы с ПТСР была занижен- ная активность медиальной префронтальной коры, участ- ка лобной доли, который, как мы уже видели, отвечает за самосознание и подавляет активацию миндалевидного те- ла, дымового датчика нашего мозга. Из-за этого им слож- нее бороться с реакцией страха своего мозга в ответ на простейшую речевую задачу, и, как следствие, им слож- нее концентрировать свое внимание и жить своей жизнью. См.: K. A. Moores, C. R. Clark, A. C. McFarlane, G. C. Brown, A. Puce, and D. J. Taylor, “Abnormal Recruitment of Working Memory Updating Networks During Maintenance of Trauma-neutral Information in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 163(2), 156–170. 26. J. Breuer and S. Freud, “The Physical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena”, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1893). 27. D. L. Schacter, Searching for Memory (New York: Basic Books, 1996). Глава 15. Отпуская прошлое 1. F. Shapiro, EMDR: The Breakthrough Eye Movement Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma (New York: Basic Books, 2004). 2. B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “A Randomized Clinical Trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Fluoxetine, and Pill Placebo in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treatment Effects and Long- Term Maintenance”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 1 (2007): 37–46. 3. J. G. Carlson, et al., “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EDMR) Treatment for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 11, no. 1 (1998): 3–24. 4. J. D. Payne, et al., “Sleep Increases False Recall of Semantically Related Words in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Memory Task”, Sleep 29 (2006): A373. 5. B. A. van der Kolk and C. P. Ducey, “The Psychological Processing of Traumatic Experience: Rorschach Patterns in PTSD”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2, no. 3 (1989): 259–74. 6. M. Jouvet, The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming, trans. Laurence Garey (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999). 7. R. Greenwald, “Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): A New Kind of Dreamwork?” Dreaming 5, no. 1 (1995): 51–55. 8. R. Cartwright, et al., “REM Sleep Reduction, Mood Regulation and Remission in Untreated Depression”, Psychiatry Research 121, no. 2 (2003): 159–67. См. также: R. Cartwright, et al., “Role of REM Sleep and Dream Affect in Overnight Mood Regulation: A Study of Normal Volunteers”, Psychiatry Research 81, no. 1 (1998): 1–8. 9. R. Greenberg, C. A. Pearlman, and D. Gampel, “War Neuroses and the Adaptive Function of REM Sleep”, British Journal of Medical Psychology 45, no. 1 (1972): 27–33. Ра- мон Гринберг и Честер Перлмен, равно как и наша лабора- тория, обнаружили, что травмированные ветераны просыпа- ются, как только у них начинается БДГ-сон. В то время как многие травмированные люди пьют спиртное, чтобы уснуть, они лишают себя пользы сновидений (интеграция и транс- формация воспоминаний), что мешает исцелению от ПТСР. 10. B. van der Kolk, et al., “Nightmares and Trauma: A Comparison of Nightmares After Combat with Lifelong Nightmares in Veterans”, American Journal of Psychiatry 141, no. 2 (1984): 187–90. 11. N. Breslau, et al., “Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Young Adults”, Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 6 (1996): 411–18. 12. R. Stickgold, et al., “Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (1999): 182–93. См. также: R. Stickgold, “Of Sleep, Memories and Trauma”, Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (2007): 540–42; and B. Rasch, et al., “Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation”, Science 315, no. 5817 (2007): 1426–29. 13. E. J. Wamsley, et al., “Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation”, Current Biology 20, no. 9 (May 11, 2010): 850– 55. 14. R. Stickgold, “Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation”, Nature 437 (2005): 1272–78. 15. R. Stickgold, et al., “Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (1999): 182–93. 16. J. Williams, et al., “Bizarreness in Dreams and Fantasies: Implications for the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis”, Consciousness and Cognition 1, no. 2 (1992): 172–85. См. также: Stickgold, et al., “Sleep – Induced Changes in Associative Memory”. 17. M. P. Walker, et al., “Cognitive Flexibility Across the Sleep-Wake Cycle: REM-Sleep Enhancement of Anagram Problem Solving”, Cognitive Brain Research 14 (2002): 317–24. 18. R. Stickgold, “EMDR: A Putative Neurobiological Mechanism of Action”, Journal of Clinical Psychology 58 (2002): 61–75. 19. Было проведено несколько исследований того, как движение глаз помогает перерабатывать и трансформи- ровать травматические воспоминания. M. Sack, et al., “Alterations in Autonomic Tone During Trauma Exposure Using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) – Results of a Preliminary Investigation”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22, no. 7 (2008): 1264–71; B. Letizia, F. Andrea, and C. Paolo, “Neuroanatomical Changes After Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Treatment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 19, no. 4 (2007): 475–76; P. Levin, S. Lazrove, and B. van der Kolk, “What Psychological Testing and Neuroimaging Tell Us About the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, nos. 1–2, 159–72; M. L. Harper, T. Rasolkhani Kalhorn, J. F. Drozd, “On the Neural Basis of EMDR Therapy: Insights from Qeeg Studies”, Traumatology 15, no. 2 (2009): 81–95; K. Lansing, D. G. Amen, C. Hanks, and L. Rudy, “High-Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers with PTSD”, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17, no. 4 (2005): 526–32; T. Ohtani, K. Matsuo, K. Kasai, T. Kato, and N. Kato, “Hemodynamic Responses of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Neuroscience Research 65, no. 4 (2009): 375–83; M. Pagani, G. Högberg, D. Salmaso, D. Nardo, Ö. Sundin, C. Jonsson, and T. Hällström, “Effects of EMDR Psychotherapy on 99mtc-HMPAO Distribution in Occupation-Related Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Nuclear Medicine Communications 28 (2007): 757–65; H. P. Söndergaard and U. Elofsson, “Psychophysiological Studies of EMDR”, Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 2, no. 4 (2008): 282–88. Глава 16. Как заново овладеть своим телом: йога 1. Акупунктура и акупрессура широко применяются врачами, специализирующимися на психологической трав- ме. Эффективность этих методов в лечении клиническо- го ПТСР сейчас начинает систематически изучаться. M. Hollifeld, et al., “Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, no. 6 (2007): 504–13. В иссле- дования, где фМРТ применяется для измерения воздей- ствия акупунктуры на участки мозга, связанные со стра- хом, было продемонстрировано, что акупунктура способ- ствует быстрой регуляции этих участков мозга. K. K. Hui, et al., “The Integrated Response of the Human Cerebro- Cerebellar and Limbic Systems to Acupuncture Stimulation at ST 36 as Evidenced by fMRI”, NeuroImage 27 (2005): 479–96; J. Fang, et al., “The Salient Characteristics of the Central Effects of Acupuncture Needling: Limbic-Paralimbic- Neocortical Network Modulation”, Human Brain Mapping 30 (2009): 1196–206; D. Feinstein, “Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 47, no. 3 (2010): 385–402; D. Church, et al., “Psychological Trauma Symptom Improvement in Veterans Using EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique): A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201 (2013): 153–60; D. Church, G. Yount, and A. J. Brooks, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 (2012): 891–96; R. P. Dhond, N. Kettner, and V. Napadow, “Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects in the Human Brain”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 603–16; K. K. Hui, et al., “Acupuncture Modulates the Limbic System and Subcortical Gray Structures of the Human Brain: Evidence from fMRI Studies in Normal Subjects”, Human Brain Mapping 9 (2000): 13–25. 2. M. Sack, J. W. Hopper, and F. Lamprecht, “Low Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Prolonged Psychophysiological Arousal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Heart Rate Dynamics and Individual Differences in Arousal Regulation”, Biological Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (2004): 284–90. См. также: H. Cohen, et al., “Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients in Response to a Trauma- Related Reminder”, Biological Psychiatry 44, no. 10 (1998): 1054–59; H. Cohen, et al., “Long-Lasting Behavioral Effects of Juvenile Trauma in an Animal Model of PTSD Associated with a Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recover”, European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, no. 6 (2007): 464– 77; and H. Wahbeh and B. S. Oken, “Peak High-Frequency HRV and Peak Alpha Frequency Higher in PTSD”, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, no. 1 (2013): 57–69. 3. J. W. Hopper, et al., “Preliminary Evidence of Parasympathetic Influence on Basal Heart Rate in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60, no. 1 (2006): 83–90. 4. Эксперименты Арье Шалев из медицинской школы Хадасса в Иерусалиме и Роджера Питмэна также это под- тверждают: A. Y. Shalev, et al., “Auditory Startle Response in Trauma Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study”, American Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (2000): 255–61; R. K. Pitman, et al., “Psychophysiological Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Imagery in Vietnam Combat Veterans”, Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 11 (1987): 970–75; A. Y. Shalev, et al., “A Prospective Study of Heart Rate Response Following Trauma and the Subsequent Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 6 (1998): 553–59. 5. P. Lehrer, Y. Sasaki, and Y. Saito, “Zazen and Cardiac Variability”, Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 6 (1999): 812–21. См. также: R. Sovik, “The Science of Breathing: The Yogic View”, Progress in Brain Research 122 (1999): 491–505; P. Philippot, G. Chapelle, and S. Blairy, “Respiratory Feedback in the Generation of Emotion”, Cognition & Emotion 16, no. 5 (2002): 605–27; A. Michalsen, et al., “Rapid Stress Reduction and Anxiolysis Among Distressed Women as a Consequence of a Tree-Month Intensive Yoga Program”, Medical Science Monitor 11, no. 12 (2005): 555–61; G. Kirkwood, et al., “Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (2005): 884– 91; K. Pilkington, et al., “Yoga for Depression: The Research Evidence”, Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005): 13–24; and P. Gerbarg and R. Brown, “Yoga: A Breath of Relief for Hurricane Katrina Refugees”, Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 55– 67. 6. B. Cuthbert, et al., “Strategies of Arousal Control: Biofeedback, Meditation, and Motivation”, Journal of Experimental Psychology 110 (1981): 518–46. См. также: S. B. S. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies”, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 48 (2004): 269–85; M. M. Delmonte, “Meditation as a Clinical Intervention Strategy: A Brief Review”, International Journal of Psychosomatics 33 (1986): 9–12; I. Becker, “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine”, in Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry , vol. 19, ed. P. R. Muskin (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2008); L. Bernardi, et al., “Slow Breathing Reduces Chemorefex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Barorefex Sensitivity”, Journal of Hypertension 19, no. 12 (2001): 2221–29; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part I: Neurophysiologic Model”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 189–201; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part II: Clinical Applications and Guidelines”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 711–17; C. C. Streeter, et al., “Yoga Asana Sessions Increase Brain GABA Levels: A Pilot Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 419–26; and C. C. Streeter, et al., “Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Con-trolled MRS Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 1145–52. 7. Были опубликованы десятки научных статей, демон- стрирующих положительные эффекты от йоги при различ- ных болезнях. Вот лишь некоторые примеры: S. B. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention”; P. Grossman, et al., “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health Benefits: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57 (2004): 35–43; K. Sherman, et al., “Comparing Yoga, Exercise, and a Self-Care Book for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Trial”, Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005): 849– 56; K. A. Williams, et al., “Effect of Iyengar Yoga Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain”, Pain 115 (2005): 107–17; R. B. Saper, et al., “Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain in a Predominantly Minority Population: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial”, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 15 (2009): 18– 27; J. W. Carson, et al., “Yoga for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results from a Pilot Study”, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33 (2007): 331–41. 8. B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “Yoga as an Adjunctive Therapy for PTSD”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, no. 6 (June 2014): 559–65. 9. Калифорнийская компания HeartMath, разработала превосходные устройства и компьютерные игры, которые одновременно увлекательные и эффективные в улучшении ВСР. На данный момент никто не исследовал, способны ли простые устройства, вроде разработанных HeartMath, при- водить к уменьшению симптомов ПТСР, однако это вполне вероятно (См. www.heart-math.org.) 10. На момент написания книги в iTunes были найдены двадцать четыре приложения, которые якобы помогают уве- личить ВСР, такие как emWave, HeartMath и GPS4Soul. 11. B. A. van der Kolk, “Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 277–93. 12. S. Telles, et al., “Alterations of Auditory Middle Latency Evoked Potentials During Yogic Consciously Regulated Breathing and Attentive State of Mind”, International Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 3 (1993): 189–98. См. также: P. L. Gerbarg, “Yoga and Neuro-Psychoanalysis”, in Bodies in Treatment: The Unspoken Dimension , ed. Frances Sommer Anderson (New York: Analytic Press, 2008), 127–50. 13. D. Emerson and E. Hopper, Overcoming Trauma Trough Yoga: Reclaiming Your Body (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2011). 14. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Harcourt, 1999). 15. «Интероцепция» – это новый научный термин для этой базовой способности самовосприятия. Исследования травмированных людей с применением методов нейровизу- ализации многократно показывали наличие проблем в об- ластях мозга, связанных с физическим самовосприятием, в особенности в так называемом островке. J. W. Hopper, et al., “Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: Symptom Dimensions and Emotion Dysregulation in Responses to Script-Driven Trauma Imagery”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (2007): 713–25. См. также: I. A. Strigo, et al., “Neural Correlates of Altered Pain Response in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Intimate Partner Violence”, Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 442–50; G. A. Fonzo, et al., “Exaggerated and Disconnected Insular-Amygdalar Blood Oxygenation Level- Dependent Response to Treat-Related Emotional Faces in Women with Intimate-Partner Violence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 433–41; P. A. Frewen, et al., “Social Emotions and Emotional Valence During Imagery in Women with PTSD: Affective and Neural Correlates”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2, no. 2 (2010): 145–57; K. Felmingham, et al., “Dissociative Responses to Conscious and Nonconscious Fear Impact Underlying Brain Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (2008): 1771– 80; A. N. Simmons, et al., “Functional Activation and Neural Networks in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Intimate Partner Violence”, Biological Psychiatry 64, no. 8 (2008): 681–90; R. J. L. Lindauer, et al., “Effects of Psychotherapy on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow During Trauma Imagery in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial”, Psychological Medicine 38, no. 4 (2008): 543–54 and A. Etkin and T. D. 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