межд. бизнес (кейсы)i. Международный бизнес внешняя среда и деловые операции
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Вопросы: 1. Кого выберет комитет на должность директо- ра-распорядителя и почему? 2. С какими проблемами может встретиться ка- ждый кандидат на эту должность? 3- Как ОЭК может свести к минимуму пробле- мы, с которыми встретится выбранный кан- дидат при руководстве предприятием в Саль- вадоре? 4. Рассчитайте примерную сумму компенсации для каждого из 5 кандидатов на основе следу- ющей дополнительной информации: а) годовое жалованье в данный момент: Циммерман — 70 тыс. долл., Харрисон — 75 тыс. долл., Мойе — 65 тыс. долл., Кабрера — 120 млн. мексик. песо, Море- но — 150 тыс. сальвадорских колонов; б) обменные курсы: 1 долл. = 3 000 мексик. песо; 1 долл. = 5 сальвадорским колонам; в) индекс стоимости товаров и услуг (соглас- но официальным оценкам Государствен- ного департамента США): Вашингтон, ок- руг Колумбия — 100; Сан-Сальвадор — 93; Мехико — 76; за основу принята стои- мость товаров и услуг, необходимых для семьи, состоящей из одного человека, в размере 35% дохода. Для семьи из двух человек она равна 40%, для семьи из че- тырех человек — 45%, а для семьи из пя- ти и более человек — 50%; г) надбавки командируемым за границу (та- рифы Госдепартамента США) для Сальва- дора: лишения — плюс 15%, риск — плюс 20% к зарплате; д) квартирные (обложению налогом не под- 1. Информация для конкретной ситуации взята из Edwin McDowell, "Making It in America The Foreign-Born Executive," New York Times, June 1, 1980, Section 3, p 1+, Don Whitehead, The Dow Story (New York McGraw-Hill, 1968), "Dow's Shifts in R&D Presage Overseas Work,' Chemical Week, Vol 128, No 13, April 1, 1981, p 17, "Lundeen Urges More Aid for Universities," Chemical Marketing Reporter, Vol 224, No 19, November 7, 1983, p 3+, John Bussey, "Dow Chemical's Popoff Named President,' Wall Street Journal, May 15, 1987, p. 49, Paul L Blocklyn, "Developing the International Executive," Personnel, Vol 66, March 1989, pp. 44—47, and "Globesmanship," Across the Board, Vol 27, No 1, 2, January—February 1990, pp. 24—34. 2. Gary R. Oddou and Mark E. Mendenhall, "Succession Planning for the 21st Century How Well Are We Grooming Our Future Business Leaders'" Business Horizons, January—February 1991, pp. 26—34. 3. "Globesmanship," op. cit., p 26, quoting Michael Angus. 4. Daniel Ondrack, "International Transfers of Managers in North American and European MNEs," Journal of International Business Studies, Vol 16, No 3, Fall 1985, pp. 1—19. 5. Bob Masterson and Bob Murphy, 'Internal Cross—Cultural Management," Training and Development Journal, Vol 40, No 4, April 1986, pp. 56—60. 6 Peter Lorange, "Human Resource Management in Multinational Cooperative Ventures, Human Resource Management, Vol 25, No 1, Spring 1986, pp. 133—148, Mark N. Nelson and E. S. Browning, "GE's Culture Turns Sour at French Unit," Wall Street Journal, July 31, 1990, p. A10, Lynn Matthew, "The Industrial Ideals of Iveco," Management, April 1990, pp. 92—96 7 Jean Ross - Skinner, "English Spoken Here," Dun's Review, March 1977, pp. 56—57, Urban С. Lehner, "When in Japan, Do as the Japanese Do, by Speaking English, Wall Street Journal, December 8, 1980, p. 1. 8 "When in Rome? " Wall Street Journal September 28, 1989, p. 1. 9 David С Waring, "Doing Business Overseas," Cornell Enterprise, Fall—Winter 1988, p 29 10 Dafna N. Izraeli, Moshe Banai, and Yoram Zeira, "Women Executives in MNC Subsidiaries, California Management Review, Vol 23, No 1, Fall 1980, pp. 53—63, Yves Doz and С К Prahalad "Controlled Variety A Challenge for Human Resource Management in the MNC,' Human Resource Management, Vol 25, No 1, Spring 1986, pp. 55—71. 11. Yoram Zeira and Ehud Harari, "Structural Sources of Personnel Problems in Multinational Corporations Third Country Nationals," Omega, Vol 5, No 2, 1977, pp. 167—168. 12. Andres Edstrom and Jay R. Galbraith, "Alternative Policies for International Transfers of Managers," Management International Review, No 2, 1977, pp. 13—14, Asya Pazy and Yoram Zeira, "Training Parent-Country Professionals in Host Country Organizations," Academy of Management Review, Vol 8, No 2, 1983, pp. 262—272. 13. Andres Edstrom and Jay R. Galbraith, "Transfer of Managers as a Coordination and Control Strategy in Multinational Organizations," Administrative Science Quarterly, June 1977, pp. 248— 261, А. В. Sim, "Decentralized Management of Subsidiaries and Their Performance," Management International Review, No 2, 1977, p. 48. 14. Alfred Jaeger, "Organization Development and National Culture Where's the Fit?' Academy of Management Review, Vol 11, No 1, 1986, pp. 178—190, "Globesmanship," op. cit., p. 30. 15. Andres Edstrom and Peter Lorange, "Matching Strategy and Human Resources in Multinational Companies," Journal of International Business Studies, Fall 1984, pp. 125—137, Stephen J. Kobrin, "Expatriate Reduction and Strategic Control in American Multinational Corporations," Human Resource Management, Vol 27, No 1, Spring 1988, pp. 63—75, Louis Uchitelle, "Only the Bosses Are American," New York Times, July 24, 1989, pp. 21 ff. Примечания к главе лежат), для одиноких — 11 300 долл. в год, для семьи — 12 400 долл. в год, е) пособие на образование детей возраст 6—12 лет = 5000 долл ; 13—18 лет = 9000 долл ; ж) средний размер налогов Мексика — 20%, США — 25%, Сальвадор — 30% 732 Часть 7 Функции управления, управление операциями и смежные вопросы Глава 20 Управление людскими ресурсами 7 3 3 16. Duerr and Greene, The Problems Facing International Management, p. 18; см. также Richard D. Hays, "Behavioral Determinants of Success-Failure among U.S. Expatriate Managers," Journal of International Business Studies, Spring 1971, pp. 40—46; Martine Gertsen, "Intercultural Competence and Expatriates," Working Paper, No. 1, 1990, Copenhagen School of Economics and Business Administration, Institute of International Economics and Management; Moran, Stahl & Boyer, Inc. International Human Research Management, Boulder: Moran, Stahl & Boyer, Inc., 1987. 17. J. Stewart Black and Mark Mendenhall, "Cross-Cultural Training Effectiveness: A Review and a Theoretical Framework for Future Research," Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1990, p. 117; Mark Mendenhall and Gary Oddou, "The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review," Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1985, pp. 39—47. 18. Philip R. Harris and Robert L. Moran, Managing Cultural Differences (Houston: Gulf, 1979), p. 164; J. Stewart Black and Gregory K. Stephens, "The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments," Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1989, pp. 529—530. 19. Izraeli et al., loc. cit. 20. Linda Greenhouse, "Court Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect U.S. Workers Abroad," New York Times, March 27, 1991, p. C21. 21. Mariann Jelinek and Nancy J. Adler, "Women: World Class Managers for Global Competition," Academy of Management Executive, Vol. II, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 11—19; Jolie Solomon, "Women, Minorities and Foreign Postings," Wall Street Journal, June 2, 1989, p. Bl. 22. Izraeli, et. al., lac. cit. Несколько советов, как женщине-руководителю адаптироваться в другой стране, даны в статье Gladys L. Symons, "Coping with the Corporate Tribe: How Women in Different Cultures Experience the Managerial Role," Journal of Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1986, pp. 379—389; and Marlene L. Rossman, The International Businesswoman (New York: Praeger, 1986). 23. David M. Noer, "Integrating Foreign Service Employees to Home Organization: The Godfather Approach," Personnel Journal, January 1974, pp. 45—50; William F. Cagney, "Executive Reentry: The Problems of Repatriation," Personnel Journal, September 1975, pp. 487— 488; J. Alex Murray, "Repatriated Executives: Culture Shock in Reverse," Management Review, November 1973, pp. 43—45; Philip R. Harris, "Employees Abroad: Maintain the Corporate Connection," Personnel Journal, Vol. 65, No. 8, August 1986, pp. 107—110; Oddou and Mendenhall, loc. cit. 24. Oddou и Mendenhall в цит. соч. показывают, что заграничные командировки положи- тельно влияют на карьеру в 29% случаев, Moran, Stahl и Boyer дают показатель в 44%. 25. "Globesmanship," op. cit, p. 29, quoting Michael Angus. 26. "Fast-Trackers Fight," Wall Street Journal, November 8, 1988, p. 1. 27. Joann S. Lublin, "Grappling with the Expatriate Issue," Wall Street Journal, December 11, 1989, p. B1 ff. 28. Thomas F. O'Boyle, "Little Benefit to Careers Seen in Foreign Stints," Wall Street Journal, December 11, 1989, p. B4. 29. Claudia H. Deutsch, "Getting the Brightest to Go Abroad," New York Times, June 17, 1990, p. Cl. 30. Ibid. 31. Sam Passow, "Manager's Journal," Wall Street Journal, June 18, 1984, p. 18; Rod Willis, "Corporations Vs. Terrorists," Management Review, Vol. 75, No. 11, November 1986, pp. 16— 27; Jonathan Dahl, "Firms Warn Workers Traveling Abroad," Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1989, p. Bl; Don Dunn, "A Baedeker for Travel in a Tense World," Business Week, September 10, 1990, p. 105; David D. Medina and Carolyn Phillips, "Companies with Hostages in Persian Gulf Struggle to Help Stateside Families Cope," Wall Street Journal, September 26, 1990, p. B1 ff; Larry Light and Jeffrey Ryser, "The Miniboom in Kidnapping Coverage," Business Week, March 19, 1990, p. 100. 32. Joann S. Lublin, "More Spouses Receive Help in Job Searches When Executives Take Positions Overseas," Wall Street Journal January 26, 1984, p. 35. 33. "Global Report," Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1977, p. 6; Barry Newman, "Mine over Matter," Wall Street Journal, August 25, 1977, p. 1. 34. Samir M. Youssef, "The Integration of Local Nationals into the Managerial Hierarchy of American Overseas Subsidiaries: An Exploratory Study," Academy of Management Journal, March Часть 7 Функции управления, управление операциями и смежные вопросы 1973, р. 29; Oded Shenkar and Yoram Zeira, "Human Resources Management in International Joint Ventures: Directions for Research," Academy of Management Review, Vol. 12, No. 3, July 1987, pp. 546—557. 35. Rosalie L. Tung, "Selection and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring 1981, p. 72; Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), "Going Abroad with CIDA;" Bureau of Naval Personnel, Overseas Diplomacy: Guidelines for United States Navy: Trainer (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973); M. H. Tucker, D. Raik Rossiter, and M. Uhes, Improving the Evaluation of Peace Corps Training Activities, Vol. 3 (Denver: Center for Research and Education, June 4, 1973); J. Stewart Black, "Workrole Trannsitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan," Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19, 1988, pp. 277—294. 36. Michael G. Harvey, "The Executive Family: An Overlooked Variable in International Assignments," Columbia Journal of World Business, Spring 1985, pp. 84—92; Black and Stephens, loc. cit. 37. Black and Mendenhall, op. cit., pp. 118—119; J. Stewart Black, Mark Mendenhall, and Gary Oddou, "Toward a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives," Academy of Management Review, March—April 1991. 38. P. Christopher Early, "Intercultural Training for Managers: A Comparison of Documentary and Interpersonal Methods," Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, December 1987, pp. 685—698. 39. Пример нового в обучении см. в: Jeremy Main, "How 21 Men Got Global in 35 Days," Fortune, November 6, 1989, pp. 71—79. 40. Jeffrey L. Blue and Ulrich Haynes, Jr., "Preparation for the Overseas Assignment," Business Horizons, June 1977, pp. 61—67; Philip R. Harris and Dorothy 1. Harris, "Preventing Cross- Cultural Shock," Management and Training, May 1976, pp. 37—41; F. T. Murray and Alice Haller Murray, "SMR Forum: Global Managers for Global Businesses," Sloan Management Review, Vol. 27, No 2, Winter 1986, pp. 75—80. 41. R. Lynn Barnes, "Across Cultures: The Peace Corps Training Model," Training and Development Journal, Vol. 39, No. 10, October 1985, pp. 46—49; Yoram Zeira and Asya Pazy, "Crossing National Borders to Get Trained," Training and Development Journal, Vol. 39, No. 10, October 1985, pp. 53—57. 42. Frank L. Acuff, "Awareness Levels of Employees Considering Overseas Relocation," Personnel Journal, November 1974, pp. 809—812; Kenneth Darrow and Bradley Palmquist, eds., Trans- Cultural Study Guide (N.P.: Volunteers in Asia, 1975, 2d ed.) lists pertinent questions to ask. 43. Для лучшего изучения этого вопроса см. Peter Enderwick, Multinational Business & Labor (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), pp. 55—58. 44. R. Aggarwal and I. Khera, "Exporting Labor: The Impact of Expatriate Workers on the Home Country," International Migration, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1987, pp. 415—424. 45. Для обсуждения приспособления бизнеса к среде см. John D. Daniels, "International Mobility of People," Essays in International Business, No. 1, March 1980, pp. 3—7. 46. Felice Morgenstern, "The Civil Liability of Workers for Injury or Damage Caused in Their Employment," International Labour Review, May—June 1976, pp. 317—328. 47. Это соотношение существовало в 1981 г. Вопросы динамики затрат изложены в статье Edwin Dean, Harry Boissevain, and James Thomas, "Productivity and Labor Costs Trends in Manufacturing, 12 Countries," Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 109, No. 3, March 1986, pp. 3—10. 48. Efrin Cordova, "A Comparative View of Collective Bargaining in Industrialised Countries," International Labour Review, July—August 1978, p. 423; and Eduardo B. Gentil, "Brazil's Labor Movement," Wall Street Journal, November 11, 1980, p. 34. 49. Gene Koretz, "Why Unions Thrive Abroad—But Wither in the U.S.," Business Week, September 10, 1990, p. 26, referring to a study by David Blanchflower and Richard Freeman for the National Bureau of Economic Research. 50. "The Europarking Lot," Wall Street Journal, February 24, 1984, p. 32. 51. Joseph Krislov, "Supplying Mediation Services in Five Countries: Some Current Problems" Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 1983, pp. 55—63. 52. Frances Bairstow, "The Trend toward Centralized Bargaining—A Patchwork Quilt of International Diversity," Columbia Journal of World Business, Spring 1985, pp. 75—83. 53. Masayoshi Kanabayashi, "Japan's Unions, Anxious to Avoid Fight, Again Likely to Accept a Modest Pay Raise," Wall Street Journal, February 9, 1984, p. 31. 54. Bairstow, loc. cit. 734 Глава 20 Управление людскими ресурсами 735 55. Donna Bridgeman, "Worker Take—Overs," ICCH Case 9—475—093, Harvard Business School, 1975; "Bulova Watch Plant Is Occupied to Protest Closing," Wall Street Journal, January 19, 1976; "ICL Workers Say They Took Over Plant to Prevent Closing," Wall Street Journal, November 11, 1980, p. 34; Barbara Ehrenreich and Annette Fuentes, "Life on the Global Assembly Line," Ms., January 1981, pp. 53—71. 56. Bennett Harrison, "The International Movement for Prenotification of Plant Closures," Industrial Relation, Fall 1984, pp. 387—409. 57. Mourdoukoutas and S. N. Sohng, "The Japanese Industrial System: A Study in Adjustment to Automation," Management International Review, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1987, pp. 46—55; John Hoerr and Wendy Zellner, "A Japanese Import That's Not Selling," Business Week, February 26, 1990, pp. 86—87; Masayoshi Kanabayashi, "Bucking Tradition," Wall Street Journal, October 11, 1988, p. 1 ff, Masayoshi Kanabayashi, "Japanese Workers Aren't All Workaholics," Wall Street Journal, May 8, 1989, p. A10. 58. Peter F. Drucker, "The Battle Over Co-Determination," Wall Street Journal, August 10, 1977, p. 14; "Co-Determination Passes," Business Europe, March 26, 1976, pp. 99—100. 59. Проблемы в начале операционной деятельности описаны в статье "Sweden: Worker Participation Becomes the Law," Business Week, June 21, 1976, pp. 42—46; G. Mclsaac and H. Henzler, "Co-Determination: A Hidden Noose for MNCs," Columbia Journal of World Business, Winter 1974, pp. 67—74; M. Warner and R. Peccei, "Worker Participation and Multinationals," Management International Review, No. 3, 1977, pp. 93—98, Новые данные см. в: Wolfgang Scholl, "Codetermination and the Ability of Firms to Act in the Federal Republic of Germany," International Studies of Management & Organization, Vol. XVII, No. 2, Summer 1987, pp. 27—37; and Giuseppe Benelli, Claudio Loderer, and Thomas Lys, "Labor Participation in Corporate Policy-making Decisions: West Germany's Experience with Codetermination," Journal of Business, Vol. 60, No. 4, October 1987, pp. 553—575. 60. Большая часть информации о рабочих советах в Германии взята из статьи Trevor Bain, "German Codetermination and Employment Adjustments in the Steel and Auto Industries," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 1983, pp. 40—47. 61. Подобная практика освещена в статьях: Duane Kujawa, "Technology Strategy and Industrial Relations: Case Studies of Japanese Multinationals in the United States," Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, Winter 1983, pp. 9—22; Wolf Reitsperger, "British Employees: Responding to Japanese Management Philosophies," Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 23, No. 5, September 1986, pp. 563—586. 62. "Child-Worker Abuses in Third World Draw Fire of Labor Group," Wall Street Journal, June 8, 1988, p. 26. 63. Richard L. Rowan and Duncan C. Campbell, "The Attempt to Regulate Industrial Relations through International Codes of Coduct," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 1983, pp. 64—72. 64. Кроме указанных особо статей, информация для этого раздела взята в основном из сле- дующих статей: Gerald В. J. Bomers and Richard В. Peterson, "Multinational Corporations and the Industrial Relations: The Case of West Germany and the Netherlands," British Journal of Industrial Relations, March 1977, pp. 45—62; Duane A. Kujawa, "Collective Bargaining and Labor Relations in Multinational Enterprise: A U.S. Policy Perspective," paper presented at New York University Conference on Economic Issues of Multinational Firms, November 1976; Duane Kujawa, "U.S. Manufacturing Investment in the Developing Countries: American Labour's Concerns and the Enterprise Environment in the Decade Ahead," British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 19, No. 1, March 1981, pp. 38—48; Roy B. Helfgott, "American Unions and Multinational Enterprises: A Case of Misplaced Emphasis," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 1983, pp. 81—86. 65. Оценка влияния уменьшения численности членов профсоюзов на силу рабочего движе- ния показана в статье Rick Melcher, John Templeman, John Rossant, Steve Dryden, and Bob Arnold, "Europe's Unions Are Losing Their Grip," Business Week, November 26, 1984, pp. 80— 88. 66. Richard L. Hudson, "Strike at Ford Shows Problems of New Methods," Wall Street Journal, February 10, 1988, p. 14; Barbara Toman, "Ford, Unions Agree on Cotract Offer in Breakthrough in 9-Day U.K. Strike," Wall Street Journal, February 17, 1988, p. 2. 67. Barry Newman, "Border Dispute", Wall Street Journal, November 30, 1983, ppl+; see also "Ford Threatens to Move More Praduction Abroad", Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1981, p. 3. Часть 7 Функции управления, управление операциями и смежные вопросы 68. Martin С. Seham, "Transnational Labor Relations: The First Steps Are Being Taken," Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 6, 1974, pp. 347—354. 69. Напр., см.: I. A. Litvak and C. J. Maule, "The Union Response to International Corporations," Industrial Relations, February 1972, pp. 66—67; Duane A. Kujawa, "International Labor Relations: Trade Union Initiatives and Management Responses," Personnel Administrator, February 1977, p. 50. 70. Douglas Martin, "A Canadian Split on Unions," New York Times, March 12, 1984, p. D12. 71. Этот вопрос подробно обсуждается в статье Frank P. Doyle, "The Changing Workplace: People Power: The Global Human Resource Challenge for the 1990s," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 25, N. 1 and 2, Spring—Summer 1990, pp. 36—45. 72. Blocklyn, op. cit., p. 44, quoting Roger Herod. 73. Краткие выводы по этому вопросу см.: Kenneth H. Bacon, "The Outlook," Wall Street Journal, June 6, 1988, p.l. |