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1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль


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Глава 1. Имя существительное.
Правильное употребление артиклей в английском языке является достаточно сложным. Кроме довольно большого количества правил употребления артиклей, существует много исключений из правил, которые также следует знать и помнить.

1.1. Основные правила употребления артиклей.
1.1.1. Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется:

- с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда имеется в виду любой представитель данного класса лиц или предметов:

They live in a lovely house.

I’m reading a good book at the moment.

She’s expecting a baby.

- когда существительное служит в предложении именной частью составного сказуемого и используется, чтобы описать, кем или чем является лицо или предмет, о котором говорится в предложении:

My brother is an engineer.

That’s an instrument for measuring distance.

- когда существительное служит приложением:

John Bolton, a student of our University, took the first place in the chess tournament.

- если перед существительным, употребляемом в общем смысле, можно поставить слово “every”

A computer can quickly make calculations, store and rearrange information.
Определенный артикль употребляется:

- перед существительными в единственном или множественном числе, когда из ситуации или контекста ясно, какое именно лицо или предмет имеется в виду:

The room was in a mess. The books were on the floor and on the chairs

Where is the key?

Mind the baby! She’s near the fire.

- перед существительными, являющимися единственными в своем роде или в данной обстановке (the Queen, the Earth, the Atlantic):

The sun was getting warmer.

When goods have been loaded on a ship, the captain signs a receipt called a bill of lading.

- перед названием определенных общественных мест, если они употребляются в общем смысле:

I went to the theatre last night.

I’m going to the library.

I have to go to the post office.

Но: There isn't a theatre in this town. Where is a post office?

- с существительными в единственном числе для обозначения целого класса предметов

The thermometer becomes useless if the fluid in it either freezes or boils.

The telephone was invented in the 19-th century.

The pine grows in northern countries.

Однако, в этих случаях артикль не употребляется со словом man. Слово woman чаще употребляется с определенным артиклем, хотя может употребляться и без артикля:

Woman is man’s helpmate.

Определенный артикль может заменить указательные местоимения this и that. Иногда его следует перевести словом “этот”:

He is going to take a post-graduate course. I like the idea.
Упр.1.1.1.a. Поставьте существительные во множественное число, сделав все необходимые преобразования в предложении.


  1. A dog is an animal.

  2. A potato is a vegetable.

  3. A pencil is like a pen.

  4. A ruler is a thin rectangular wooden or plastic strip.

  5. A test-tube is a hollow glass tube.

  6. A writer writes a book.

  7. The man who is sitting there is my friend.

  8. The girl in that room is my sister.

  9. The boy does his work well.


Упр.1.1.1.b. Поставьте существительные в единственное число, сделав все необходимые преобразования в предложении.


  1. Horses are animals.

  2. Boots are kinds of shoes.

  3. Watches are small clocks.

  4. Novels are books.

  5. Children are not always good.

  6. Stockings are long socks.

  7. Schools are large buildings.


**Упр.1.1.1.c.Поставьте а/an, где необходимо.


a. I haven’t got computer.

  1. Do you keep record of the results?




b. I am not chemist, I am biologist.

  1. I work in theoretical research team.




c. You made very bad mistake.

  1. I’ve got very good idea.




d. It is convincing result.

  1. It is standard method.




Упр.1.1.1.d. Поставьте the , где необходимо.

a. Which city is ___ capital of ___your country?

b. What is ___largest city in ___world?

c. Our apartment is on ___third floor.

d. Help! Fire! Somebody, call ___fire brigade.

  1. Who was ___first man to walk on ___moon?

  2. ”Where is ___your dictionary?” “ It’s on ___top shelf on ___right.”

  3. We live in ___country, about five miles from ___nearest village.

  4. ___Prime Minister is ___most important person in ___British government.

  5. I don’t know everybody in ___this photograph. Who is ___man on ___left?

  6. It was a very nice hotel but I don’t remember ___name.

  7. I didn’t like her ___first time I met her.


Упр.1.1.1.e. Поставьте a/an, the , где необходимо.
a. I turned off ___ light, opened ____ door and went out.

b. Excuse me, can I ask ____ question, please?

c. Alan is ____ best player in our football team.

d. How far is it from here to ____ airport?

e. Enjoy your holiday and don’t forget to send me ____ postcard!

  1. Have you got ____ ticket for ____ concert tomorrow night?

g. Yesterday I bought ____ jacket and ____ shirt.____ jacket was cheap but ____ shirt was expensive.

  1. What is ____ name of ____ director of ____ film we saw ____ last night?

i. “Where are _____ children?” “They’re in ____ garden.”

j. My sister’s _____ teacher in ____ school near Leicester. She has three children, two girls and ____ boy. ____ girls are in her class at school, but ____ boy isn’t old enough for school yet.

k. Jane and Bill are ____ very nice couple. She has ____ clothes shop, and he works in ____ office in ____ centre of town.

l. “Where are my shoes?” “On ____ floor in ____ kitchen.”

m. “How much are the driving lessons?” “Fifteen pounds ____ hour.”

n. When you come to bed, can you put ____ cat out and turn off ____ light?

o. I went to ____ restaurant last night.

p. What’s _____ name of ____ restaurant we went to last night?
Упр.1.1.1.f. Выберите правильный вариант употребления артикля the.
a. Potatoes / The potatoes are not expensive.

b. This is a good meal. Potatoes / The potatoes are very nice.

  1. Everybody needs friends / the friends.

  2. Jan doesn’t go to parties / the parties very often.

  3. Children / The children learn things / the things very quickly.

  4. I enjoy eating in restaurants / the restaurants.

  5. I enjoy taking photographs / the photographs. It’s my hobby.

  6. I must show you photographs / the photographs I took when I was on holiday.


**Упр.1.1.1g. Если перед такими существительными, как method, theory, effect, device и т.п. стоит имя собственное в притяжательном падеже, то артикль не употребляется:

Seitz’s hypothesis, Whipple’s model.

Если имя собственное стоит в общем падеже, то употребляется определенный артикль:

the Holl effect, the Boltzman factor, the Gerrish drive, the Coulomb field etc.
Поставьте the, где необходимо.

  1. The DNA was examined by ____ Klein-Smith method.

  2. ____ Wilson’s model has been applied.

  3. ____ Hodgkin-Huxley equations modified by Dodge have been solved.

  4. The system is studied by ___ Smith’s method.

  5. Measurements performed on Bi-Te alloys are compared with Seeback coefficients (S) using ___ Kelvin’s second relation P=ST.



  1. Другие случаи употребления неопределенного артикля.


- В некоторых случаях неопределенный артикль сохранил значение числительного one.

He did not say a word.

A complete vibration or oscillation means a round trip.

The velocity of light is 186,300 miles a second.

The case weighs a (one) hundred pounds.

A stitch in time saves nine.

- Неопределенный артикль обычно стоит перед существительным или его определением:

- в восклицательных предложениях типа: What a beautiful picture! What a clever man!

- перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе после such, quite и rather:

It is rather a long story. She is such a clever girl!

(В последних двух случаях перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и перед неисчисляемыми существительными артикль отсутствует.)

Однако, неопределенный артикль может стоять между прилагательным и существительным в единственном числе, если ему предшествуют усилительные частицы и местоимения, типа what, such, many, quite, rather, so и too:

It is not so simple a problem as it is seems.

It is too urgent a matter to postpone.

Only later was it discovered what fruitful a theory it was.

Однако: Such a laborious procedure is obviously not suitable for routine identifications.

- Неопределенный артикль используется также в ряде сочетаний и выражений:

обозначающихколичество: a lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many; a few, a little;

спредлогами: at a time when; at a time; for a long time; in a loud voice; on a large scale; as a result of; as a matter of fact;

всочетаниисглаголами: to be a success / in a hurry; it is a pity; to have a mind / a cold / a good time / a look / a headache; to take a seat; to go for a walk; to make a living и др.
Упр.1.1.2.a. Поставьте a/an, где необходимо.


  1. It is ___ pleasure to do ___ business with such ___ efficient organization.

  2. I have ___ headache.

  3. I have ___ pain in my shoulder.

  4. You must be strong in ___ mind and body.

  5. If they had ___ mind to, they could easily get it published..

  6. Oh, I know there’s no danger, but I’m ____ little frightened all the same.

  7. ___ Little of the equipment was standardized.

  8. It is possible to make ___ very good living from being a businessman.

  9. The quality of ___ urban living has been damaged by excessive noise levels.

  10. He was one of ___ few men of science who never terrified me, probably because he never behaved like ___ doctor.




  1. Употребление артиклей при наличии определения.


Когда существительное имеет при себе определение, выделяющее лицо или предмет из всех лиц или предметов данного класса, оно употребляется с определенным артиклем:

The water inside the pipe does not meet the pressure of the air.

Когда определение выражено определительным придаточным предложением, причастным оборотом или предложным оборотом, то:

- при наличии ограничивающего определения существительное употребляется с определенным артиклем: He knocked at the door of a very neat house.

The things that I have come to me quite by accident.

Show me the telegram which was received yesterday.

This is the book you asked for.

- при наличии классифицирующего определения существительное в единственном числе употребляется с неопределенным артиклем, а во множественном числе - без артикля:

A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read.

Vessels built for the transportation of oil are called tankers.

- описательное определение не влияет на выбор артикля, и существительное употребляется с определенным или неопределенным артиклем или с местоимениями some, any на основании общих правил: I went to the door where they were waiting for us.

Last summer I spent in a small village, which I thought to be a nice place to live in.

We have ordered some engines of 2,000 H.P. each.

В сочетании “существительное + of + существительное” употребление артиклей зависит от того, говорится ли о знакомом предмете или лице, о ситуативно определенных предметах или лицах. Сравните:

a book of a student (одна из книг какого-то студента)

the books of a student (эти книги какого-то студента)

a book of the student (одна из книг знакомого студента)

the books of the student (эти книги знакомого студента)

the book of the student (эта книга знакомого студента)

the books of students (эти книги каких-то студентов)
Упр.1.1.3.a. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.
a. работа какого-то автора; знание какого-либо предмета; статьи какого-либо ученого; эти данные авторов; студенты какого-либо университета; человек науки; учитель математики.

b. горы Крыма; металлы Урала; электростанции на Ангаре; Академия Наук Украины; леса Сибири; многие зоны (area) нашей планеты.

c. история искусства; прогресс науки; важность образования; степень (degree) кандидата наук; формы растительной жизни (vegetable life); интерес к (for) экологии; население планеты.

d. вагоны поезда; средства транспорта; цель (perpose) визита; служащие (clerk) гостиницы.
Упр.1.1.3.b. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.


  1. ___ chair on which you are sitting is not comfortable.

  2. There is ___ man waiting to see Mr Smith.

  3. ___ man whom Mr Smith telephoned this morning is here now.

  4. I should like to find ___ good book to read tonight.

  5. ___ book which I am reading now is a very good one.

  6. ___ book which gave me the greatest pleasure was “War and Peace”.

  7. Have you ___ cigarette?

  8. John threw away ___ cigarette he was smoking.

  9. Peter put ___ letter he had just received into his pocket.

  10. I must write ___ letter.


*Упр.1.1.3.c. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.


  1. Number ___ hundred and two, ___ house next door to us, is for sale. It’s quite ___ nice house with ___ big rooms. ___ back windows look out on ___ park.

  2. Professor Jones, ___ man who discovered ___ new drug that everyone is talking about, refused to give ___ press conference.

  3. Peter Piper, ___ student in ____ professor’s college, asked him why he refused to talk to ___ press.

  4. ___ ship you were speaking about has just come onto ___ port. She has been at ___ sea for ___ long time.

Look: ____ captain has just come on ___ deck.
**Упр.1.1.3.d. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.


  1. This is a rather crude criterion of ___ purity.

  2. The technique of ___ paper chromatography was cited above.

  3. The temperature of ___ solution should be controlled within half a degree or so.

  4. Addition of, say, ___ halogen molecule to benzene leads to a dihydrobenzene derivative.

  5. Proof of ___ formula for d-galactose is too involved to be given here.

  6. The direction of ___ rearrangement will depend on two matters, which have to be taken in order.

  7. In the light of ___ present-day knowledge of ___ molecular structure, much of this material is now incorrect.

  8. The hypothesis of ___ intermediate compound formation traces its origin as back as 1808.


1.1.4. Употребление артикля с неисчисляемыми существительными.
a) Употребление артикля и местоимений some и any с именами существительными вещественными.

Имена существительные вещественные употребляются:

- без артикля, когда речь идет о веществе в общем смысле: We can’t live without water. Gas is cheaper than electricity.

и когда одно вещество противопоставляется другому: Which do you prefer: tea or coffee?

- с местоимениями some и any, когда речь идет о каком-то неопределенном количестве вещества: Bring me some water. Isn’t there any sugar in the sugar basin?

- с определенным артиклем, когда речь идет об определенном количестве вещества, когда имеется определение, выделяющее определенное количество вещества, или из ситуации ясно, о каком именно количестве идет речь: I forgot to pay the bill and now the gas has been cut off. The milk I bought yesterday has turned sour. The ore discovered by the expedition is of a high quality. The nickel was probably inessential in the reaction.

- с неопределенным артиклем, когда имеется в виду порция вещества:

Could you give me a coffee and a sandwich?

Употребление артикля при наличии классифицирующего и описательного определений, а также прилагательного в превосходной степени не отличается от его употребления с нарицательными существительными: Silk which is used for the aviation industry must be of the highest quality. Bulgaria exports tobacco, which is one of the stable agricultural products of the country. This is the best wine I have ever drunk.

b) Употребление артикля и местоимений some и any с именами существительными отвлеченными.

Артикль не употребляется перед названиями научных дисциплин, видов спорта, искусств:

J.Bonner earned a BA in chemistry and mathematics from the University of Utah. Do you play chess?

Имена существительные отвлеченные употребляются:

- без артикля, когда они выражают отвлеченные понятия в общем смысле:

While there is life there is hope. Knowledge is power.

- с определенным артиклем, когда они имеют при себе определение, относящее это понятие к какому-либо лицу или предмету: He was the hope of his parents. I like the music of this ballet.

- с местоимениями some и any, когда речь идет о неопределенной степени качества:

There is some difference between these two samples. He did not show any fear.

- с неопределенным артиклем, когда речь идет о разновидности качества или чувства:

He has a cleverness quite of his own. He showed a patience that I had never expected of him.

- с неопределенным артиклем, когда имеются существительные period, population, distance, height, salary и др. с последующим предлогом of + числительное + существительное: He has been working here for a period of 2 years.

c) Отсутствие артикля перед именами существительными нарицательными - исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми.

Артикль отсутствует:

- перед существительным, имеющим при себе другой определитель: My room is large. This book is interesting.

- перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе, когда в единственном числе следовало бы употребить неопределенный артикль: This plant is engaged in the manufacture of pumps. They are hard working students. Squares have four sides.

These are such interesting books!

Следует также помнить, что многие существительные имеют как отвлеченное, так и конкретное вещественное значение:

medicine a medicine

glass a glass

iron an iron

opera an opera

painting a painting

radio a radio

tin a tin
Упр.1.1.4.a. В выделенных словах укажите правильные варианты употребления артикля the.


  1. ”Where’s coffee / the coffee?” It’s in the cupboard.

  2. Tennis / The tennis is a very popular sport

  3. We went for a swim in the river. Water / The water was very cold.

  4. I don’t like swimming in cold water / the cold water.

  5. You must visit the art gallery. Paintings / The paintings are very beautiful.

  6. Money / The money doesn’t always bring happiness / the happiness.

  7. English / The English is the language of international business.

  8. Women / The women are often better teachers than men / the men.

  9. In Britain coffee / the coffee is more expensive than tea / the tea.

  10. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. Cheese / The cheese was especially good.

  11. Most people / The most people still believe that marriage / the marriage and family life / the family life are the basis of our society.

  12. They got married but marriage / the marriage wasn’t successful.

  13. I know someone who wrote a book about life / the life of Gandhi.

  14. Life / the life would be very difficult without electricity / the electricity.

  15. Do you know people / the people who live next door?

  16. Are you interested in art / the art or architecture / the architecture?

  17. Two of the biggest problems facing our society are crime / the crime and unemployment / the unemployment.

  18. I hate violence / the violence.


Упр.1.1.4.b. Обратите внимание на разницу в употреблении артиклей в следующих парах предложений:

My daughter is at school. The meeting will be held at the school.

He was rushed to hospital immediately. I’m going to the hospital to visit him.

То есть, употребление артикля перед словами типа university, school, hospital, church, prison и т.д. подразумевает, что говорящий имеет в виду здание. Употребление этих же существительных без артикля означает, что они рассматриваются как учреждения в общем смысле.

Поставьте a, an или the, где необходимо.


  1. Our children attend ……….. very good school.

  2. Some people think they know about education just because they were once at ……… school.

  3. People who spend time in ………….. prison rapidly become institutionalized.

  4. As soon as the riot broke out, police surrounded ………. prison.

  5. A lot of people think ………… prison should be just like any other building.

  6. The trial attracted a lot of attention and …………. court was crowded.

  7. A lot of people have been taken to …………. court for failing to pay local taxes.

  8. Though it’s a small town, it has ……… school, ……. church and ……… court.

  9. ____ youngest brother is at ____ school now.

  10. She is at ____ school. If you go to ___ school by ____ tram, you will be just in ___ time to meet her.


**Упр.1.1.4.c. Поставьте a, an или the, где необходимо.

  1. ___ thermometer is ___ instrument for measuring ____ temperatures.

  2. ___ temperature to-day is not so high as it was yesterday.

  3. ___ observation and ___ experience are two great teachers.

  4. ___ air is necessary for ___ life.

  5. ___ length, ___ breadth and ___ height of ___ cube are equal.

  6. Every machine requires some sort of ___ power to operate it.

  7. ___ history is his subject. Especially ___ history of ___ Middle Ages.

  8. There was ___ expression in his eyes that I could not understand.

  9. He finished his work without ___ difficulty.

  10. ___ task presented ___ difficulty, which we could not overcome at first.

  11. He was not discouraged by ___ difficulty of ___ task.


Упр.1.1.4.d. Подчеркните правильный вариант в каждом предложении.
Пример: I’ve got some cigarettes but I haven’t got light / a light.

Light / the light travels faster thansound / the sound.

  1. We’re having lamb / the lamb for lunch.

  2. The sheep gave birth to lamb / a lamb in the middle of the night.

  3. Would you like cake / a cake?

  4. No, thanks. I don’t like cake / a cake.

  5. This suit is made of very fine cloth / the very fine cloth.

  6. Can you get cloth / a cloth, please? I’ve just spilt tea / a tea on your carpet.

  7. I went to a talk / talk on Russian revolution / the Russian revolution last night. It was very interesting.

  8. There has been a talk / talk of redundancies at the British Shipping Company.

  9. Service / a service in restaurants isn’t as good as it used to be.

  10. The Health Service / Health Service is suffering from severe cutbacks.

  11. The Times / Times is one of Britain’s oldest newspapers.

  12. Time / the time and tide / the tide wait for no man. (поговорка)

  13. I don’t usually like poetry / the poetry.

  14. But here’s a poem / poem I do like.

  15. Do you want an ice / ice in your whisky?

  16. Ice / the ice at the North and South Poles is said to be melting little by little.


Упр.1.1.4.e. Поставьте a(an) или some, где необходимо. Подчеркните неисчисляемые существительные, которые можно использовать в словосочетании a piece of


  1. Can I offer you _______ advice?

_______ suggestion?

  1. I’ve just heard _______ interesting news.

_______ interesting announcement.

_______ interesting information.

  1. There’s going to be ________ thunderstorm.

________ bad weather.

  1. She is carrying ______ luggage.

_______ suitcase.

  1. We’ll need _______ accommodation.

_______ room for the night.

  1. He’s got ______ strange equipment.

______ strange machine in his laboratory.

  1. Do you mind if I put on _____ music?

_____ tape?
*Упр.1.1.4.f. Объясните случаи употребления артиклей или их отсутствие.


  1. Is there life after death?

She has lived a life of misery since the death of her husband.

  1. There’s a feeling of love, joy, beauty and peace.

My new car’s a beauty. It’s a real joy to drive.

c. That numerous people have had Near Death Experiences is not in doubt.

There is still a doubt in my mind about whether it was the right thing to do.

d. The future looks bleak - drought, disease and economic collapse.

The drought in Africa last year cost many lives.

There is a drought every year.
1.1.5. Употребление артикля перед числительными.
a) Как правило, когда определение выражено количественным числительным, существительное употребляется без артикля: Two men entered the room.

Если же перед порядковым числительным употребляется артикль, то он приобретает смысловое значение: the two - эти два или оба - и часто обозначает полное количество объектов:

The close agreement of the six compounds is unlikely to be a coincidence.

  1. Перед порядковым числительным обычно употребляется определенный артикль. Однако, когда порядковое числительное имеет значение другой, еще один или неизвестно общее число предметов, действий и пр. употребляется неопределенный артикль:

A third man (еще один) entered the room.

The same authors put forward a second correlation.

c) Артикль не употребляется перед существительным, если за ним следует его номер:

I'm waiting for tram 55.

The deduction of the equation you'll find in chapter 8 of the book.

Упр.1.1.5.a. Поставьте артикль, где необходимо.


  1. Of all those to whom he appealed one was actually not in ____ position to do anything for him; another was afraid; ___ third was calculating eagerly to drive ____ hard bargain; ___ forth was too deliberate, anxious to have much time.

  2. Two people would have to hold ___ chair, and ___ third would help him up on it, and ___ forth would hand him ___ nail, and ___ fifth would pass him up ___ hammer.

  3. ___ professor Earle Fox ignored for ___ second time ___ buzzing signal from the secretary in ___ adjoining office.

  4. Mr Pickwick was perfectly aware that ___ tree is ___ very dangerous neighbour in ___thunderstorm. He had ___ tree on his right, ___ tree on his left, ___ third before him, and ___ fourth behind.

  5. Our apartment is on ___ third floor.

  6. You are ___ forth visitor asking where ___ room 40 is there.
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