В. Н. Бгашев е. Ю. Долматовская английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей учебник
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Ответьте на вопросы об изобретателе древнего мира. 1. When did Hero live? 2. What were his famous inventions? 3. Why is his book on mechanics so important for the future of the machinery? 4. What are the five principles of machinery which were listed by Hero? 5. Why were the inventions described in Hero’s book useless? Назовите по-английски известные вам современные машины, в которых использованы принципы, описанные в тексте. Active Vocabulary
в Назовите значения слов, имеющих общий корень в русском языке. technical, practical, experimental, models, apparatus, to construct, condenser, patent, reaction, turbine Прочитайте перевод следующих слов. Это поможет вам лучше понять содержание текста. expertise — мастерство, instrument — прибор, milestone — веха, to repair — ремонтировать, governor — регулятор, pressure gauge — манометр (прибор для измерения давления), sequence — последовательность, sun/planet gearing — планетарная передача, to coin the term — ввести термин, ft lb/min — футо-фунтов в минуту Прочитайте текст и составьте перечень работ Джеймса Уатта. TEXT В. JAMES WATT James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland, and was taught at home. Later he went to Greenock Grammar School. His technical expertise seems to have been obtained from working in his father’s workshop and from early in life he showed academic promise. His early formal training was as an instrument maker in London and Glasgow. Watt combined the expertise of a scientist with that of a practical engineer, for later he was not only to improve the heat engine but also to devise new mechanisms. Watt was interested in making experimental models of steam engines and this marks a historical milestone in engineering development, for they were the first experimental apparatus purposely constructed for engineering research. Watt’s early interest in steam arose from experience in repairing a model steam engine in 1764, and in 1765 he invented the separate steam condenser. In 1769 he took out a patent on the condenser in which steam came into direct contact with cold water. That was a milestone by which steam engineering reached its practical and usable form. In 1784 he took out a patent for a reaction turbine at a time when continental engineers were only considering similar approaches. An improved centrifugal governor was to follow in 1788 and a design for a pressure gauge in 1790. In the development of the steam engine James Watt represents the perfecting of a sequence of stages beginning with the Newcomen engine and ending with the parallel motion and sun/planet gearing. The latter is said to have been invented by William Murdock but patented by Watt. In the scientific field Watt’s finest memorial, apart from steam engines, is his establishment of the unit of power — the rate of doing work. He coined the term horsepower (hp), one horse being defined as equivalent to 33,000 ft lb/min. James Watt died in 1819 in Heathfield, after a life of incomparable technical value. Later, a statue to Watt was placed in Westminster Abbey. DISCUSSION На основании полученной из текста информации заполните следующую таблицу.
В чем принципиальное отличие изобретательской деятельности Джеймса Уатта от деятельности Герона (см. Text А)? Докажите свою точку зрения на английском языке, опираясь на содержание текстов А и В. Step 2 А Прочитайте текст и определите, в каком абзаце обобщается значение работ Фарадея и каким образом оценивается значение его работ. TEXT A. FARADAY PUTS ELECTRICITY ТО WORK Michael Faraday, who was bom in 1791 and died in 1867, gathered together and set in order all the work of the scientists who had worked on electrical problems before him. In 1823, he discovered how to make an electrical motor. In 1831, he built the first generator, then called dynamo. The modern car has both a starting motor and a generator. The starting motor draws electric current from the car battery to start engine. The generator is driven by the engine to recharge the battery and to furnish electric power for all the electrical conveniences in the car. In 1833, Faraday discovered the laws of electrolysis. The works of many other scientists were influenced by the discoveries made by Faraday. As a result of Faraday’s work Morse was able to invent the electromagnetic telegraph, Bell, the telephone and Edison, the electric light. Their inventions have profoundly changed the lives of nearly everyone in the world. Thus, Edison’s Congressional Medal of Honor certificate declared: “He illuminated the path of progress by his invention”. TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS LANGUAGE STUDY Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов. electrical, problem, motor, generator, dynamo, modern, starting motor, battery, electrolysis, telegraph, telephone, to start, to illuminate Найдите все словосочетания с прилагательными electric и electrical и переведите их на русский язык. Например: electric motor — электродвигатель Найдите в тексте словосочетания, образованные по модели to У + N, соответствующие русским словосочетаниям. обобщить работу, привести работу в порядок, получать электрический ток, запустить двигатель, перезарядить аккумуляторную батарею, снабжать электрической энергией, открыть закон, изобрести электрическое освещение Переведите предложения с найденными словосочетаниями на русский язык. а) Найдите в тексте предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык. б) Преобразуйте следующие предложения в предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге. 1. Watt started engine manufacturing in 1870. 2. The scientist named his device steam governor. 3. In 1781 Watt produced a rotary-motion steam engine. 4. Watt compared his device to a horse. в) Английскому предложению в действительном залоге с прямым и косвенным дополнением могут соответствовать два предложения в страдательном залоге. |